{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:33:09Z","timestamp":1787877189783,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24\u201375-00123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24\u201375-00123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["24\u201375-00123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24\u201375-00123"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroimplants represent an emerging medical technology, offering new therapeutic approaches for severe neurological and psychiatric disorders. One of the key limitations to long-term neuroimplant performance is the foreign body response elicited by intracortical implantation. Among the contributing cell types, astrocytes play a central role in glial scar formation around the implant, which can compromise device functionality. Immunofluorescence of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) provides a well-established marker of astrogliosis (neuroinflammation), yet quantitative and reproducible assessment of astrocyte morphology remains challenging due to the complexity and variability of image analysis approaches. Here, we aimed to quantitatively assess implantation-induced astrogliosis and to determine how classifier training strategy influences segmentation outcomes and morphometric measurements. We present a machine learning-assisted pipeline based on the LabKit plugin in Fiji for segmentation and morphometric analysis of GFAP-positive astrocytes in peri-implant scar versus distant cortical regions. Using this approach, we demonstrate an increase in GFAP expression, cell area, and astrocytic process length as well as the redistribution of GFAP signal along astrocytic processes within scar regions. We show that different classifier training strategies produce systematically distinct segmentation outcomes, with rule-compliant annotation improving agreement with manually defined ground truth. These findings highlight the critical role of annotation strategy in shallow learning-based segmentation and provide a practical framework for improving reproducibility of astrocyte morphometry in studies of neuroinflammation and neuroimplant biocompatibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:30:23Z","timestamp":1776249023000},"page":"3524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Foreign Body Response to Neuroimplantation: Machine Learning-Assisted Quantitative Analysis of Astrogliosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Anastasiia A.","family":"Melnikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 16a, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton A.","family":"Egorchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computational Mathematics and Information Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 35, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Rosin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computational Mathematics and Information Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 35, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6383-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leniz F.","family":"Nurullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo 2\/31, Kazan 420111, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerova 49, Kazan 420012, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5145-7532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita S.","family":"Lipachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 16a, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria S.","family":"Vedischeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 16a, Kazan 420008, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Karl Marx 74, Kazan 420015, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry V.","family":"Derzhavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computational Mathematics and Information Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 35, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7637-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stepan S.","family":"Perepechenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Karl Marx 74, Kazan 420015, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7841-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Sukhodolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 16a, Kazan 420008, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, Puschino 422290, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gleb V.","family":"Shabernev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computational Mathematics and Information Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 35, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5608-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelina A.","family":"Titova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Karl Marx 74, Kazan 420015, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramziya G.","family":"Kiyamova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Karl Marx 74, Kazan 420015, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey P.","family":"Kiyasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Karl Marx 74, Kazan 420015, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry E.","family":"Chickrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Systems Engineering, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert V.","family":"Aganov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 16a, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6019-5514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry V.","family":"Samigullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo 2\/31, Kazan 420111, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Sports Engineering, Kazan National Research Technical University Named After A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 10 K. Marx St., Kazan 420111, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina Yu.","family":"Popova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, Puschino 422290, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2905-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Paveliev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 16a, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-00173-x","article-title":"Seven Technologies to Watch in 2024","volume":"625","author":"Eisenstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06377-x","article-title":"A High-Performance Speech Neuroprosthesis","volume":"620","author":"Willett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230146","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20230146","article-title":"Neural Interfaces: Bridging the Brain to the World beyond Healthcare","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03573-x","article-title":"Revolutionizing Brain-computer Interfaces: Overcoming Biocompatibility Challenges in Implantable Neural Interfaces","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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