{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:08:53Z","timestamp":1789153733891,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyphenols are structurally diverse plant secondary metabolites with broad biological activities and growing applications across the food, health, and materials sectors. Conventional extraction based on organic solvents (e.g., methanol, ethanol) is often energy-intensive, inefficient, and environmentally burdensome. Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have therefore emerged as greener alternatives for polyphenol extraction. This review evaluates recent advances in solvent design, extraction performance, and process sustainability. Imidazolium-based ILs frequently achieve high yields and selectivity, particularly when coupled with ultrasound or microwave-assisted extraction, but high cost, synthetic complexity, viscosity-related constraints, and potential toxicity hinder scaleup. By contrast, DESs\u2014especially those derived from choline chloride or lactic acid\u2014are easier to prepare, less costly, and more compatible with industrial implementation, with efficiency enhanced by tailoring hydrogen bond networks, water content, and process intensification. Critical downstream challenges persist for both solvent classes, notably in extract purification and solvent recovery due to low volatility; approaches such as resin adsorption, antisolvent precipitation, and direct formulation have been explored. Overall, ILs and DESs represent compelling alternatives to conventional solvents, and future progress will depend on integrated extraction\u2013recovery strategies, systematic solvent selection, and validation under scalable, sustainable processing conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T15:56:56Z","timestamp":1776268616000},"page":"3538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents for Polyphenol Extraction: Opportunities and Limitations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0706-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo P.","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Azores, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Azorean Biodiversity Group & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5797-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Carmo","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Azores, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Azorean Biodiversity Group & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7709-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M. L.","family":"Seca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Azores, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Azorean Biodiversity Group & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4249-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana C. G. A.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1220393","article-title":"Natural polyphenols: An overview","volume":"20","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01997E","article-title":"The effects of polyphenols and other bioactives on human health","volume":"10","author":"Fraga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.179","article-title":"Catechin attenuates diabetic autonomic neuropathy in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"108","author":"Addepalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.044","article-title":"Cardio-protective and antioxidant properties of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid: Mechanistic role of angiotensin converting enzyme, cholinesterase and arginase activities in cyclosporine induced hypertensive rats","volume":"109","author":"Agunloye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.10.053","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of luteolin in transgenic Drosophila model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"692","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zhu, Y., Zhang, W., Peng, X., Zhou, J., Li, F., Han, B., Liu, X., Ou, Y., and Yu, X. (2018). Delphinidin induced protective autophagy via mTOR pathway suppression and AMPK pathway activation in HER-2 positive breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4231-y"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.06.006","article-title":"Myricetin ameliorates glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis through the ERK signaling pathway","volume":"207","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.161","article-title":"Luteolin inhibits IL-1\u03b2-induced inflammation in rat chondrocytes and attenuates osteoarthritis progression in a rat model","volume":"109","author":"Fei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.04.018","article-title":"Myricetin prevents dopaminergic neurons from undergoing neuroinflammation-mediated degeneration in a lipopolysaccharide-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease model","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.087","article-title":"Starch films loaded with donut-shaped starch-quercetin microparticles: Characterization and release kinetics","volume":"118","author":"Farrag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2018.01.007","article-title":"Extending the stability of red and blue colors of malvidin-3-glucoside-lipophilic derivatives in the presence of SDS micelles","volume":"151","author":"Mendoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dyes Pigment."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127535","article-title":"Polyphenols and their applications: An approach in food chemistry and innovation potential","volume":"338","author":"Pastore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125630","article-title":"A critical review of some fruit trees from the Myrtaceae family as promising sources for food applications with functional claims","volume":"306","author":"Farias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6419","article-title":"Polyphenols: A concise overview on the chemistry, occurrence, and human health","volume":"33","author":"Durazzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014","article-title":"Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review","volume":"117","author":"Azmir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong-Paz, J.E., Mu\u00f1iz-M\u00e1rquez, D.B., Aguilar-Z\u00e1rate, P., Ascacio-Vald\u00e9s, J.A., Cruz, K., Reyes-Luna, C., Rodr\u00edguez, R., and Aguilar, C.N. (2017). Extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds by alternative technologies. Ingredients Extraction by Physicochemical Methods in Food, Academic Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811521-3.00005-3"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mojzer, E.B., Knez Hrn\u010di\u010d, M., \u0160kerget, M., Knez, \u017d., and Bren, U. (2016). Polyphenols: Extraction methods, antioxidative action, bioavailability and anticarcinogenic Effects. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21070901"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12253","article-title":"Green Extraction Methods for Polyphenols from Plant Matrices and Their Byproducts: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Ameer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04433-2","article-title":"Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative extraction techniques of phenolic compounds","volume":"57","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.06.081","article-title":"Recent progress in ionic liquid membranes for gas separation","volume":"266","author":"Sasikumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1039\/C3EE42099J","article-title":"Energy applications of ionic liquids","volume":"7","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1021\/cr1003248","article-title":"Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis. 2","volume":"111","author":"Hallett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.09.044","article-title":"Recent advances on ionic liquid uses in separation techniques","volume":"1559","author":"Berthod","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.04.012","article-title":"Non-conventional solvents in liquid phase microextraction and aqueous biphasic systems","volume":"1500","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00246","article-title":"Introduction: Ionic liquids","volume":"117","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200905981","article-title":"Task-specific ionic liquids","volume":"49","author":"Giernoth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6357","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500411q","article-title":"Structure and nanostructure in ionic liquids","volume":"115","author":"Hayes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco-Fern\u00e1ndez, I., and Pino, V. (2020). Extraction with ionic liquids-organic compounds. Liquid-Phase Extraction, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816911-7.00017-7"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2016.07.044","article-title":"The hype with ionic liquids as solvents","volume":"661","author":"Kunz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajkacz, S., Adamek, J., and Sobska, A. (2020). Application of deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids in the extraction of catechins from tea. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143216"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2011.607454","article-title":"Ionic liquid-based ultrasonic\/microwave-assisted extraction combined with UPLC\u2013MS\u2013MS for the determination of tannins in Galla chinensis","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201200679","article-title":"Preliminary extraction of tannins by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole bromide and its subsequent removal from Galla chinensis extract using macroporous resins","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2019.104876","article-title":"Synergistic effect of probe sonication and ionic liquid for extraction of phenolic acids from oak galls","volume":"62","author":"Sukor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.03.077","article-title":"NMR methodology for a rational selection of ionic liquids: Extracting polyphenols","volume":"221","author":"Barrulas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8983","article-title":"Systematic investigation for extraction and separation of polyphenols in tea leaves by magnetic ionic liquids","volume":"98","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.115014","article-title":"Synthesis and characteristic of 1-amino-2-propanol-based ionic liquids and effective extraction of antioxidants from Mugwort","volume":"322","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2017.08.012","article-title":"Polyphenol, polysaccharide and lactate extraction from pulping factory black liquor by ionic liquids","volume":"196","author":"Magnin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2016.09.001","article-title":"Enhanced extraction of antioxidants from aqueous solutions by ionic liquids","volume":"172","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2014.03.004","article-title":"Ionic liquids as additives to enhance the extraction of antioxidants in aqueous two-phase systems","volume":"128","author":"Almeida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.115387","article-title":"COSMO-RS based screening of ionic liquids for extraction of phenolic compounds from aqueous media","volume":"328","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1039\/D3GC03693F","article-title":"Progress in the applications of biocompatible ionic liquids: Renewable commodity production, catalytic and pharmaceutical approaches\u2014A Review","volume":"26","author":"Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2025.128904","article-title":"Advances in amino acid-derived aqueous biphasic systems for eco-friendly separation processes","volume":"439","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1039\/b210714g","article-title":"Novel solvent properties of choline chloride\/urea","volume":"1","author":"Abbott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcus, Y. (2019). Properties of deep eutectic solvents. Deep Eutectic Solvents, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00608-2"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00385","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents: A review of fundamentals and applications","volume":"121","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwamena, A.K. (2019). Recent advances in hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for extraction. Separations, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations6010009"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.02.036","article-title":"Environmentally friendly and non-polluting solvent pretreatment of palm samples for polyphenol analysis using choline chloride deep eutectic solvents","volume":"1492","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-017-1118-5","article-title":"Development of a method based on natural deep eutectic solvents for extraction of flavonoids from food samples","volume":"11","author":"Bajkacz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.05.052","article-title":"Extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants from orange peel waste using deep eutectic solvents","volume":"206","author":"Ozturk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.115406","article-title":"COSMO-SAC-supported evaluation of natural deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of tea polyphenols and process optimization","volume":"328","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jablonsky, M., Majova, V., Strizincova, P., Sima, J., and Jablonsky, J. (2020). Investigation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of spruce bark extracts isolated by deep eutectic solvents. Crystals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst10050402"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.124970","article-title":"Polarity-dependent extraction of flavonoids from citrus peel waste using a tailor-made deep eutectic solvent","volume":"297","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109645","article-title":"Utilization of strawberry and raspberry waste for the extraction of bioactive compounds by deep eutectic solvents","volume":"130","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103470","article-title":"Natural deep eutectic solvents as a biocompatible tool for the extraction of blueberry anthocyanins","volume":"89","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Compost. Anal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18386","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c04945","article-title":"Exploiting deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids for the valorization of chestnut shell waste","volume":"8","author":"Husanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/00986445.2020.1864625","article-title":"A green and highly efficient method of extracting polyphenols from Lilium davidii var. unicolor Salisb using deep eutectic solvents","volume":"209","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Vega, J., G\u00f3mez-Alonso, S., P\u00e9rez-Navarro, J., Alarc\u00f3n-Enos, J., and Pastene-Navarrete, E. (2021). Polyphenolic compounds extracted and purified from Buddleja globosa Hope (Buddlejaceae) leaves using natural deep eutectic solvents and centrifugal partition chromatography. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082192"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-101121-085323","article-title":"Everything you wanted to know about deep eutectic solvents but were afraid to be told","volume":"14","author":"Abranches","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-021-01411-3","article-title":"Green and non-conventional extraction of bioactive compounds from olive leaves: Screening of novel natural deep eutectic solvents and investigation of process parameters","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valor."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakka, A., Grigorakis, S., Karageorgou, I., Batra, G., Kaltsa, O., Bozinou, E., Lalas, S., and Makris, D.P. (2019). Saffron processing wastes as a bioresource of high-value added compounds: Development of a green extraction process for polyphenol recovery using a natural deep eutectic solvent. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8120586"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.118039","article-title":"Lactic acid-based deep natural eutectic solvents for the extraction of bioactive metabolites of Humulus lupulus L.: Supramolecular organization, phytochemical profiling and biological activity","volume":"264","author":"Macchioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaltsa, O., Lakka, A., Grigorakis, S., Karageorgou, I., Batra, G., Bozinou, E., Lalas, S., and Makris, D.P. (2020). A green extraction process for polyphenols from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) flowers using deep eutectic solvent and ultrasound-assisted pretreatment. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040921"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"120","article-title":"Novel lactic acid-based natural deep eutectic solvents: Efficiency in the ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant polyphenols from common native Greek medicinal plants","volume":"3","author":"Bakirtzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.06.150","article-title":"Novel approaches mediated by tailor-made green solvents for the extraction of phenolic compounds from agro-food industrial by-products","volume":"239","author":"Espino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigorakis, S., Halahlah, A., and Makris, D.P. (2020). Batch stirred-tank green extraction of Salvia fruticosa Mill. polyphenols using newly designed citrate-based deep eutectic solvents and ultrasonication pretreatment. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144774"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/1082013219870010","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction for recovery of polyphenolic antioxidants from ripe mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel using lactic acid\/sodium acetate deep eutectic mixtures","volume":"26","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-017-9997-7","article-title":"Highly efficient extraction of antioxidant polyphenols from Olea europaea leaves using an eco-friendly glycerol\/glycine deep eutectic solvent","volume":"9","author":"Athanasiadis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valor."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.202000097","article-title":"Intensification of mass transfer in the extraction process with a nanofluid prepared in a natural deep eutectic solvent","volume":"43","author":"Mitar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2020.1824162","article-title":"Special designed deep eutectic solvents for the recovery of high added-value products from olive leaf: A sustainable environment for bioactive materials","volume":"51","author":"Bilgin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.117054","article-title":"Design of natural deep eutectic solvents for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of hydroxytyrosol from olive leaves supported by COSMO-RS","volume":"248","author":"Zurob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201900423","article-title":"Application of deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of phenolic compounds from extra-virgin olive oil","volume":"41","author":"Fanali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakka, A., Grigorakis, S., Kaltsa, O., Karageorgou, I., Batra, G., Bozinou, E., Lalas, S., and Makris, D.P. (2019). The effect of ultrasonication pretreatment on the production of polyphenol-enriched extracts from Moringa oleifera L. (Drumstick Tree) using a novel bio-based deep eutectic solvent. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10010220"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.07.002","article-title":"Enhanced and green extraction polyphenols and furanocoumarins from Fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves using deep eutectic solvents","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Vega, J., G\u00f3mez-Alonso, S., P\u00e9rez-Navarro, J., and Pastene-Navarrete, E. (2020). Green extraction of alkaloids and polyphenols from Peumus boldus leaves with natural deep eutectic solvents and profiling by HPLC-PDA-IT-MS\/MS and HPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9020242"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-019-01727-8","article-title":"Development of sodium propionate-based deep eutectic solvents for polyphenol extraction from onion solid wastes","volume":"21","author":"Stefou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.05.004","article-title":"Innovative process of polyphenol recovery from pomegranate peels by combining green deep eutectic solvents and a new infrared technology","volume":"111","author":"Rajha","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105616","article-title":"An efficiency strategy for extraction and recovery of ellagic acid from waste chestnut shell and its biological activity evaluation","volume":"160","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabeti\u0107, N., Todorovi\u0107, V., Pani\u0107, M., Radoj\u010di\u0107 Redovnikovi\u0107, I., and \u0160obaji\u0107, S. (2020). Impact of deep eutectic solvents on extraction of polyphenols from grape seeds and skin. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144830"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2020.1781894","article-title":"Green extraction of ethnomedicinal compounds from Cymbopogon citratus Stapf using hydrogen-bonded supramolecular network","volume":"56","author":"Naseem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-020-00744-2","article-title":"Use of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular eutectic solvents for eco-friendly extraction of bioactive molecules from Cymbopogon citratus using Box\u2013Behnken design","volume":"15","author":"Naseem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Q., Zhang, J.-R., Li, H.-B., Wu, D.-T., Geng, F., Corke, H., Wei, X.-L., and Gan, R.-Y. (2020). Green extraction of antioxidant polyphenols from green tea (Camellia sinensis). Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090785"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razbor\u0161ek, M.I., Ivanovi\u0107, M., Krajnc, P., and Kolar, M. (2020). Choline chloride based natural deep eutectic solvents as extraction media for extracting phenolic compounds from chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa). Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071619"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-03891-7","article-title":"Microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of phenolic antioxidants from onion (Allium cepa L.) peel: A Box\u2013Behnken design approach for optimization","volume":"56","author":"Pal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104598","article-title":"A green and integrated strategy for enhanced phenolic compounds extraction from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves by deep eutectic solvent","volume":"154","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13750","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.13750","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted extraction of phytochemical compounds from black jamun pulp","volume":"44","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125185","article-title":"Enabling technologies for the extraction of grape-pomace anthocyanins using natural deep eutectic solvents in up-to-half-litre batches extraction of grape-pomace anthocyanins using NADES","volume":"300","author":"Cravotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b01054","article-title":"Application of deep eutectic solvents (DES) for phenolic compounds extraction: Overview, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"65","author":"Durand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109728","article-title":"Implementation of subcritical water extraction with natural deep eutectic solvents for sustainable extraction of phenolic compounds from winemaking by-products","volume":"137","author":"Loarce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/8\/3538\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:13:25Z","timestamp":1776399205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/8\/3538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27083538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27083538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]}}}