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NextGenerationEU\u2014PNRR\u2014M4C2\u2014Inv. 1.1\u2014Cod. prog. 2022RY8549_002\u2014CUP J53D23003260006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2022\u2014D.D. 104\/2022\u2014DIKA EMI -Fin. NextGenerationEU\u2014PNRR\u2014M4C2\u2014Inv. 1.1\u2014Cod. prog. 2022RY8549_002\u2014CUP J53D23003260006"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bowen disease (BD), or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ, represents a histologically defined but biologically heterogeneous group of intraepithelial neoplasms arising across different epithelial compartments. Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a well-established causal role in anogenital squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, whereas its contribution to extragenital BD, including nail apparatus and general cutaneous lesions, has remained controversial. We performed a narrative review of the literature to synthesize current evidence on HPV prevalence, genotype distribution, and pathogenetic relevance in BD across three anatomical sites: nail apparatus, general cutaneous skin, and anogenital region. Available data reveal a clear site-dependent gradient of HPV involvement. Anogenital BD is overwhelmingly driven by high-risk \u03b1-HPV genotypes and shares molecular hallmarks of HPV-mediated carcinogenesis. Nail apparatus BD shows a consistently high prevalence of transforming \u03b1-HPV types, suggesting a biologically distinct subset of extragenital disease. In contrast, general cutaneous BD demonstrates highly variable HPV detection, predominantly involving \u03b2- and occasionally \u03b3-HPV types, with evidence supporting a permissive or incidental rather than causal role. These findings indicate that BD should not be regarded as a unified viral neoplasm but as a convergent histologic phenotype arising from distinct pathogenetic pathways. Anatomical context is therefore essential for interpreting HPV detection and its diagnostic and clinical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:35:42Z","timestamp":1776339342000},"page":"3555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Papillomavirus in Bowen Disease: Site-Specific Prevalence, Genotype Distribution, and Clinical Implications Across Nail Apparatus, Cutaneous, and Anogenital Sites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi","family":"Dika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Baraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5053-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Venturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora Maria","family":"Alessandrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9102-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Vaccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6741-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Venturoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Argenziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziano","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3093-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Lazzarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3263-4353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Magnaterra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1983.01650270061020","article-title":"Precancerous Dermatoses: A Study of Two Cases of Chronic Atypical Epithelial Proliferation","volume":"119","author":"Bowen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. 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