{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:58:18Z","timestamp":1776675498424,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":224,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences Strategic Grant 2022","award":["STG-000108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STG-000108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis\/late-onset sepsis (LOS) are significant contributors to preterm infant morbidity and mortality, with prematurity and low birth weight representing major risk factors for these interconnected conditions. Although the pathogenesis of NEC and LOS is not fully understood, there is a clear association with an immature intestinal mucosal barrier, which may enable bacterial invasion and translocation, resulting in an inflammatory cascade. Increasing recognition of the gut microbiome as a marker for health and disease has driven interest in probiotics, particularly Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., as potential adjunctive agents for the prevention and management of NEC and LOS in preterm infants, which is the area of focus of this review. The focus of this paper was to analyze clinical studies using different probiotic strains, and compare single-strain versus multi-strain probiotic formulations. Several studies support that probiotic supplementation in preterm infants has the potential to decrease NEC incidence and, to a lesser extent, sepsis\/LOS. Nonetheless, inconsistent results due to strain differences and clinical heterogeneity limit the widespread adoption of this mode of therapy, as do safety concerns in this vulnerable population. Further high-quality standardized studies are necessary to establish consistent guidelines for probiotic use in preterm infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:24:23Z","timestamp":1776673463000},"page":"3602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Review of Probiotic Interventions for Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Sepsis in Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Angel Yun-Kuan","family":"Thye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Next-Generation Precision Medicine and Therapeutics Research Group (NMeT), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Pathogen Resistome Virulome and Diagnostic Research Group (PathRiD), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui Xuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sir Jeffrey Cheah Sunway Medical School, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Sunway Microbiome Centre, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6544-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yatinesh","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Disorder and Aging (NDA) Research Group, Neuroscience Research Strength (NRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1421-3130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loh Teng-Hern","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Next-Generation Precision Medicine and Therapeutics Research Group (NMeT), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Microbiome Research Group, Research Centre for Life Science and Healthcare, Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute (CBI), University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2145-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vengadesh","family":"Letchumanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen Resistome Virulome and Diagnostic Research Group (PathRiD), Jeffrey Cheah School of 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Ningbo 315000, China"},{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Learn-Han","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Next-Generation Precision Medicine and Therapeutics Research Group (NMeT), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Microbiome Research Group, Research Centre for Life Science and Healthcare, Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute (CBI), University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2344-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jodi Woan-Fei","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Next-Generation Precision Medicine and Therapeutics Research Group (NMeT), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Microbiome Research Group, Research Centre for Life Science and Healthcare, Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute (CBI), University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.04.003","article-title":"The global epidemiology of preterm birth","volume":"52","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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