{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:02:09Z","timestamp":1785420129419,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, L.S. Skaggs College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0162z8b04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P20GM103408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103408"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["1R16GM159673-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R16GM159673-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hearing loss is detrimental to human health, and currently, more than 1.5 billion people are affected by hearing loss. Active military personnel and construction workers are examples of individuals in the workplace who are exposed to loud noise and are at serious risk of hearing loss. While there is currently no therapy for hearing loss, evidence supports investigating the enhancement of the Medial Olivocochlear (MOC) system, an efferent pathway for hearing that serves as a gain-control for hearing loss protection. Selectively modulating the \u03b19\u03b110 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) found within this pathway is promising for the development of a new drug class. In this review article, we present the most current findings related to the therapeutic targeting of \u03b19\u03b110 nAChRs for hearing loss. We discuss the loss- or gain-of-function of the receptor, evaluate the known modulators of the receptor, examine their clinical relevance, and discuss their chemical and physical properties. Investigation of this novel pathway may aid in the development of a therapeutic for hearing loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:24:23Z","timestamp":1776673463000},"page":"3614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drug Discovery Targeting Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors for Hearing Loss"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0156-8710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Oman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9602-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooja","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7228-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameena","family":"Mateen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Schulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 02155, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinath","family":"Pashikanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). World Report on Hearing, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.18609\/cgti.2016.020","article-title":"Progressing towards a Cure for Deafness through Gene Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Atkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Gene Ther. Insights"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106280","article-title":"Loss of Synaptic Ribbons Is an Early Cause in ROS-Induced Acquired Sensorineural Hearing Loss","volume":"186","author":"Kurasawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10899","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55275-x","article-title":"Defects in Hair Cells Disrupt the Development of Auditory Peripheral Circuitry","volume":"15","author":"Bottom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.01.029","article-title":"Purinergic Signaling in the Organ of Corti: Potential Therapeutic Targets of Sensorineural Hearing Losses","volume":"151","author":"Szepesy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26795","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74661-5","article-title":"A Novel Therapeutic Pathway to the Human Cochlear Nerve","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2315599121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2315599121","article-title":"Auditory Hair Cells and Spiral Ganglion Neurons Regenerate Synapses with Refined Release Properties In Vitro","volume":"121","author":"Vincent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7440","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0363-18.2018","article-title":"Enhancement of the Medial Olivocochlear System Prevents Hidden Hearing Loss","volume":"38","author":"Boero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taranda, J., Maison, S.F., Ballestero, J.A., Katz, E., Savino, J., Vetter, D.E., Boulter, J., Liberman, M.C., Fuchs, P.A., and Elgoyhen, A.B. (2009). A Point Mutation in the Hair Cell Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Prolongs Cochlear Inhibition and Enhances Noise Protection. PLoS Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000018"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000760117","article-title":"Preventing Presbycusis in Mice with Enhanced Medial Olivocochlear Feedback","volume":"117","author":"Boero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2022.2047931","article-title":"The \u03b19\u03b110 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: A Compelling Drug Target for Hearing Loss?","volume":"26","author":"Elgoyhen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13686","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1783-13.2013","article-title":"Age-Related Cochlear Synaptopathy: An Early-Onset Contributor to Auditory Functional Decline","volume":"33","author":"Sergeyenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicencio-Jimenez, S., Weinberg, M.M., Bucci-Mansilla, G., and Lauer, A.M. (2021). Olivocochlear Changes Associated with Aging Predominantly Affect the Medial Olivocochlear System. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.704805"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4599","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4923-13.2014","article-title":"Efferent Feedback Slows Cochlear Aging","volume":"34","author":"Liberman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu258","article-title":"Tracking the Molecular Evolution of Calcium Permeability in a Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor","volume":"31","author":"Lipovsek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051622798","article-title":"A10: A Determinant of Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Function in Mammalian Vestibular and Cochlear Mechanosensory Hair Cells","volume":"98","author":"Elgoyhen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.03.032","article-title":"Emerging Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Transduction in Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels","volume":"90","author":"Nemecz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipovsek, M., Marcovich, I., and Elgoyhen, A.B. (2021). The Hair Cell \u03b19\u03b110 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: Odd Cousin in an Old Family. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.785265"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0310869","article-title":"Assembly and Subunit Diversity of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors","volume":"31","author":"Millar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, T.N.T., Abraham, N., and Lewis, R.J. (2020). Structure-Function of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Inhibitors Derived from Natural Toxins. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.609005"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lykhmus, O., Voytenko, L.P., Lips, K.S., Bergen, I., Krasteva-Christ, G., Vetter, D.E., Kummer, W., and Skok, M. (2017). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor A9 and A10 Subunits Are Expressed in the Brain of Mice. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00282"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2009.05.023","article-title":"The Nicotinic Receptor of Cochlear Hair Cells: A Possible Pharmacotherapeutic Target?","volume":"78","author":"Elgoyhen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz290","article-title":"Distinct Evolutionary Trajectories of Neuronal and Hair Cell Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors","volume":"37","author":"Marcovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106735","article-title":"The A9\u03b110 Acetylcholine Receptor: A Non-Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor","volume":"190","author":"Elgoyhen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10905","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3805-05.2005","article-title":"Stoichiometry of the A9\u03b110 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor","volume":"25","author":"Plazas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zouridakis, M., Papakyriakou, A., Ivanov, I.A., Kasheverov, I.E., Tsetlin, V., Tzartos, S., and Giastas, P. (2019). Crystal Structure of the Monomeric Extracellular Domain of A9 Nicotinic Receptor Subunit in Complex with \u03b1-Conotoxin RgIA: Molecular Dynamics Insights Into RgIA Binding to A9\u03b110 Nicotinic Receptors. Front. Pharmacol., 10, Corrigendum in Front. Pharmacol.\u00a02022, 13, 980202.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.980202"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.02.002","article-title":"Presence of Multiple Binding Sites on A9\u03b110 NAChR Receptors Alludes to Stoichiometric-Dependent Action of the \u03b1-Conotoxin, Vc1.1","volume":"89","author":"Indurthi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/35077011","article-title":"Crystal Structure of an ACh-Binding Protein Reveals the Ligand-Binding Domain of Nicotinic Receptors","volume":"411","author":"Brejc","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.65.2.453","article-title":"Pharmacological Properties of Alpha 9 Alpha 10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Revealed by Heterologous Expression of Subunit Chimeras","volume":"65","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00274-9","article-title":"Coexpression of A9 and A10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons","volume":"115","author":"Lips","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morley, B.J., Whiteaker, P., and Elgoyhen, A.B. (2018). Commentary: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor A9 and A10 Subunits Are Expressed in the Brain of Mice. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00104"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.11.7.891","article-title":"Targeting the \u03b19\u03b110 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor to Treat Severe Pain","volume":"11","author":"Vincler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2000.6503","article-title":"Molecular Cloning and Mapping of the Human Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor A10 (CHRNA10)","volume":"73","author":"Lustig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28660","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28660","article-title":"Phosphocholine\u2009\u2013\u2009an Agonist of Metabotropic but Not of Ionotropic Functions of A9-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors","volume":"6","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chikova, A., and Grando, S.A. (2011). Naturally Occurring Variants of Human A9 Nicotinic Receptor Differentially Affect Bronchial Cell Proliferation and Transformation. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027978"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.12.023","article-title":"New Associations of the Genetic Polymorphisms in Nicotinic Receptor Genes with the Risk of Lung Cancer","volume":"91","author":"Chikova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq300","article-title":"Overexpression and Activation of the A9-Nicotinic Receptor During Tumorigenesis in Human Breast Epithelial Cells","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2434","article-title":"Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Based Blockade: Applications of Molecular Targets for Cancer Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L.-C., Lin, C.-L., Qiu, J.-Z., Lin, C.-Y., Hsu, K.-W., Tam, K.-W., Lee, J.-Y., Yang, J.-M., and Lee, C.-H. (2017). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtype Alpha-9 Mediates Triple-Negative Breast Cancers Based on a Spontaneous Pulmonary Metastasis Mouse Model. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00336"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filchakova, O., and McIntosh, J.M. (2013). Functional Expression of Human A9* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in X. Laevis Oocytes Is Dependent on the A9 Subunit 5\u2032 UTR. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064655"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.61.1.150","article-title":"A Novel Human Nicotinic Receptor Subunit, A10, That Confers Functionality to the A9-Subunit","volume":"61","author":"Sgard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90555-X","article-title":"A9: An Acetylcholine Receptor with Novel Pharmacological Properties Expressed in Rat Cochlear Hair Cells","volume":"79","author":"Elgoyhen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hone, A.J., and McIntosh, J.M. (2022). Alkaloid Ligands Enable Function of Homomeric Human A10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.981760"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.108182","article-title":"Human A10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits Assemble to Form Functional Receptors","volume":"301","author":"Tekarli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24534","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013762117","article-title":"Hair Cell A9\u03b110 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Functional Expression Regulated by Ligand Binding and Deafness Gene Products","volume":"117","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2008.08.011","article-title":"SK2 Channels Are Required for Function and Long-Term Survival of Efferent Synapses on Mammalian Outer Hair Cells","volume":"40","author":"Murthy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.160077","article-title":"Expression of the SK2 Calcium-activated Potassium Channel Is Required for Cholinergic Function in Mouse Cochlear Hair Cells","volume":"586","author":"Kong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.03.033","article-title":"TMIE Defines Pore and Gating Properties of the Mechanotransduction Channel of Mammalian Cochlear Hair Cells","volume":"107","author":"Cunningham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1086\/342193","article-title":"Mutations in a Novel Gene, TMIE, Are Associated with Hearing Loss Linked to the DFNB6 Locus","volume":"71","author":"Naz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1772-20.2020","article-title":"Unraveling the Molecular Players at the Cholinergic Efferent Synapse of the Zebrafish Lateral Line","volume":"41","author":"Moglie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78380-5","article-title":"Characterization of HA-Tagged A9 and A10 NAChRs in the Mouse Cochlea","volume":"10","author":"Vyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2012.07867.x","article-title":"Molecular Basis for the Differential Sensitivity of Rat and Human A9\u03b110 NAChRs to A-conotoxin RgIA","volume":"122","author":"Azam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.01.023","article-title":"Nicotinic Receptors in Non-Human Primates: Analysis of Genetic and Functional Conservation with Humans","volume":"96","author":"Ford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2025.101455","article-title":"Virally Mediated Enhancement of Efferent Inhibition Reduces Acoustic Trauma in Wild-Type Murine Cochleas","volume":"33","author":"Slika","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauer, A.M. (2017). Minimal Effects of Age and Exposure to a Noisy Environment on Hearing in Alpha9 Nicotinic Receptor Knockout Mice. Front. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00304"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/laban0509-154","article-title":"Analysis of Environmental Sound Levels in Modern Rodent Housing Rooms","volume":"38","author":"Lauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(99)00157-4","article-title":"Intermittent Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and the Influence of Carbon Monoxide","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.12.018","article-title":"Modulation of Hair Cell Efferents","volume":"279","author":"Wersinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moglie, M.J., Marcovich, I., Corradi, J., Carpaneto Freixas, A.E., Gallino, S., Plazas, P.V., Bouzat, C., Lipovsek, M., and Elgoyhen, A.B. (2021). Loss of Choline Agonism in the Inner Ear Hair Cell Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Linked to the A10 Subunit. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.639720"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00747","article-title":"Selective Agonists and Antagonists of A9 Versus A7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors","volume":"13","author":"Papke","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02221.x","article-title":"Positive Modulation of the A9\u03b110 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor by Ascorbic Acid","volume":"168","author":"Boffi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(00)00124-6","article-title":"Mixed Nicotinic\u2013Muscarinic Properties of the A9 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor","volume":"39","author":"Verbitsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1825","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621433114","article-title":"Inhibition of A9\u03b110 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Prevents Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain","volume":"114","author":"Romero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6042","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612820666140314150634","article-title":"Alpha9Alpha10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors as Target for the Treatment of Chronic Pain","volume":"20","author":"Bufalo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Li, X., Zhangsun, D., Yu, G., Su, R., and Luo, S. (2019). The A9\u03b110 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonist AO-Conotoxin GeXIVA[1,2] Alleviates and Reverses Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17050265"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"210","article-title":"The Effect of Smoking on the Hearing Status\u2014A Hospital Based Study","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.03.049","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk of Hearing Loss in Women","volume":"133","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05421-x","article-title":"Nicotine Enhances Auditory Processing in Healthy and Normal-Hearing Young Adult Nonsmokers","volume":"237","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.07.037","article-title":"Diverse Modes of NMDA Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulation: Mechanisms and Consequences","volume":"112","author":"Hackos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-007-0090-y","article-title":"Ryanodine Is a Positive Modulator of Acetylcholine Receptor Gating in Cochlear Hair Cells","volume":"8","author":"Ballestero","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623100503","article-title":"Choline Transport for Phospholipid Synthesis","volume":"231","author":"Michel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac193","article-title":"Is Dietary Choline Intake Related to Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Risks? Results from the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"116","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197709082971002","article-title":"Oral Choline Administration to Patients with Tardive Dyskinesia","volume":"297","author":"Growdon","year":"1977","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoover, D.B. (2016). Carbachol. Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.99370-X"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.440","article-title":"Animal Models of Tremor: Relevance to Human Tremor Disorders","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet. Mov."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2279-3","article-title":"Oxotremorine Treatment Restores Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Ameliorates Depression-like Behaviour in Chronically Stressed Rats","volume":"217","author":"Veena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.2001.890106.x","article-title":"Peripheral Versus Central Muscarinic Effects on Blood Pressure, Cardiac Contractility, Heart Rate, and Body Temperature in the Rat Monitored by Radiotelemetry","volume":"89","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01274-9","article-title":"Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Role of Oxotremorine-M, a Non-Selective Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Agonist, in a Cellular Model of Alzheimer Disease","volume":"43","author":"Nuzzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.4.468","article-title":"Induction of Depression with Oxotremorine in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"144","author":"Davis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pucci, S., Zoli, M., Clementi, F., and Gotti, C. (2022). A9-Containing Nicotinic Receptors in Cancer. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.805123"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2020.02.47","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk of Smoking and Benefits of Smoking Cessation","volume":"12","author":"Gallucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17420","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24724","article-title":"Impact of Tobacco Smoking on the Risk of Developing 25 Different Cancers in the UK: A Retrospective Study of 422,010 Patients Followed for up to 30 Years","volume":"9","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29707","article-title":"Clearing the Smoke: What Protects Smokers from Parkinson\u2019s Disease?","volume":"39","author":"Rose","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562864221092566","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864221092566","article-title":"Association between Cigarette Smoking and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Neuroimaging Study","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1240","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking Is a Risk Factor for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An Analysis Controlling for Tobacco Industry Affiliation","volume":"19","author":"Cataldo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1126\/science.97.2525.467","article-title":"Curare Alkaloids from Chondodendron Tomentosum","volume":"97","author":"Wintersteiner","year":"1943","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.7.2785","article-title":"D-Tubocurarine Binding Sites Are Located at Alpha-Gamma and Alpha-Delta Subunit Interfaces of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor","volume":"87","author":"Pedersen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"McLendon, K., and Preuss, C.V. (2025). Atropine, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)13549-9","article-title":"Structure-Activity Relationship in a New Series of Atropine Analogs","volume":"14","author":"Cherkez","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsetlin, V., Haufe, Y., Safronova, V., Serov, D., Shadamarshan, P., Son, L., Shelukhina, I., Kudryavtsev, D., Kryukova, E., and Kasheverov, I. (2021). Interaction of A9\u03b110 Nicotinic Receptors with Peptides and Proteins from Animal Venoms. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.765541"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.20-147","article-title":"Effects of Reaction Environments on Radical-Scavenging Mechanisms of Ascorbic Acid","volume":"68","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72704-1","article-title":"Vitamin C\u2013Squalene Bioconjugate Promotes Epidermal Thickening and Collagen Production in Human Skin","volume":"10","author":"Gref","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7026","DOI":"10.1021\/jo049319i","article-title":"Rational Approach to Selective and Direct 2-O-Alkylation of 5,6-O-Isopropylidine-L-Ascorbic Acid","volume":"69","author":"Olabisi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1403","article-title":"Scurvy: Reemergence of Nutritional Deficiencies","volume":"54","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000615","article-title":"High-Dose Intravenous versus Low-Dose Oral Vitamin C in Burn Care: Potential Protective Effects in the Severely Burned: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"85","author":"Malkoc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"CD000980","article-title":"Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating the Common Cold","volume":"2013","author":"Chalker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"263","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid in Blood Serum of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"Bakaev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114695","article-title":"Cell Signaling Pathways Based on Vitamin C and Their Application in Cancer Therapy","volume":"162","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, N., Huang, B., and Jiang, W. (2021). Targets of Vitamin C with Therapeutic Potential for Cardiovascular Disease and Underlying Mechanisms: A Study of Network Pharmacology. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.591337"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaros-Sajda, A., Budzisz, E., and Erkiert-Polguj, A. (2024). Ascorbic Acid Treatments as Effective and Safe Anti-Aging Therapies for Sensitive Skin. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020174"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2022.11.008","article-title":"The Role of Subunit Cooperativity on Ryanodine Receptor 2 Calcium Signaling","volume":"122","author":"Greene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.6b00361","article-title":"Chemical Synthesis of (+)-Ryanodine and (+)-20-Deoxyspiganthine","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275100","article-title":"The Dual-gate Model for Pentameric Ligand-gated Ion Channels Activation and Desensitization","volume":"596","author":"Gielen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00713026","article-title":"Desensitization of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: Molecular Mechanisms and Effect of Modulators","volume":"9","author":"Ochoa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10109","article-title":"Desensitization of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors","volume":"53","author":"Quick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706426","article-title":"Desensitization of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors of Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells during Short or Long Exposure to Nicotine","volume":"146","author":"Sokolova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gipson, C.D., and Fowler, C.D. (2020). Nicotinic Receptors Underlying Nicotine Dependence: Evidence from Transgenic Mouse Models. Behavioral Pharmacology of the Cholinergic System, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_134"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2007.12.005","article-title":"It Is Not \u201cEither\/or\u201d: Activation and Desensitization of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Both Contribute to Behaviors Related to Nicotine Addiction and Mood","volume":"84","author":"Picciotto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.145292","article-title":"Desensitization of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors as a Strategy for Drug Development","volume":"328","author":"Buccafusco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2012.07876.x","article-title":"Type I and II Positive Allosteric Modulators Differentially Modulate Agonist-induced Up-regulation of A7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors","volume":"123","author":"Thomsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.11.013","article-title":"Cellular Mechanisms of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss","volume":"349","author":"Kurabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4320","article-title":"Hypermineralization of Hearing-Related Bones by a Specific Osteoblast Subtype","volume":"36","author":"Kuroda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(05)03574-9","article-title":"Local Inner-Ear Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics","volume":"10","author":"Salt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31802f4169","article-title":"Noise Exposure of the Inner Ear During Drilling a Cochleostomy for Cochlear Implantation","volume":"117","author":"Pau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488109138538","article-title":"Labyrinthine Barriers and Cochlear Homeostasis","volume":"91","author":"Juhn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0403-2","article-title":"Characterization and Inflammatory Response of Perivascular-Resident Macrophage-like Melanocytes in the Vestibular System","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.06.019","article-title":"Synergy between Chemical Permeation Enhancers and Drug Permeation across the Tympanic Membrane","volume":"289","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000445","article-title":"A Novel Chitosan-Hydrogel-Based Nanoparticle Delivery System for Local Inner Ear Application","volume":"36","author":"Lajud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.04.038","article-title":"Optimized Phospholipid-Based Nanoparticles for Inner Ear Drug Delivery and Therapy","volume":"171","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(96)00423-1","article-title":"Experimental and Computational Approaches to Estimate Solubility and Permeability in Drug Discovery and Development Settings","volume":"23","author":"Lipinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.12.010","article-title":"Communication Pathways to and from the Inner Ear and Their Contributions to Drug Delivery","volume":"362","author":"Salt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1684048","article-title":"Mechanisms of Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity and Prevention","volume":"40","author":"Rybak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1021\/jm020017n","article-title":"Molecular Properties That Influence the Oral Bioavailability of Drug Candidates","volume":"45","author":"Veber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salt, A.N., and Turner, J.G. (2024). Drug Selection for Inner Ear Therapy. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1452927"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2005.02.002","article-title":"Cytoplasmic and Intra-Nuclear Binding of Gentamicin Does Not Require Endocytosis","volume":"204","author":"Myrdal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00159","article-title":"Systemic Aminoglycosides Are Trafficked via Endolymph into Cochlear Hair Cells","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.09.012","article-title":"A Membrane Transporter Is Required for Steroid Hormone Uptake in Drosophila","volume":"47","author":"Okamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2018392","article-title":"Changes in EP and K+ in the Inner Ear Fluids Following Loop Diuretics","volume":"67","author":"Morizono","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.22.6.1017","article-title":"Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics in Guinea Pigs","volume":"22","author":"Chung","year":"1982","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685738","article-title":"Distribution of Cisplatin in Perilymph and Cerebrospinal Fluid after Intravenous Administration in the Guinea Pig","volume":"36","author":"Laurell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199907001-00001","article-title":"Corticosteroid Pharmacokinetics in the Inner Ear Fluids: An Animal Study Followed by Clinical Application","volume":"109","author":"Parnes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0385-8146(12)80116-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Furosemide in Endolymph","volume":"20","author":"Hara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-017-0118-5","article-title":"A Microsensing System for the in Vivo Real-Time Detection of Local Drug Kinetics","volume":"1","author":"Ogata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25508","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA04704K","article-title":"Human Blood-Labyrinth Barrier on a Chip: A Unique in Vitro Tool for Investigation of BLB Properties","volume":"13","author":"Sekulic","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937861","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/937861","article-title":"Mechanisms of Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity and Targets of Hair Cell Protection","volume":"2011","author":"Huth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2007.10.010","article-title":"A Systemic Gentamicin Pathway across the Stria Vascularis","volume":"235","author":"Dai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000058305","article-title":"Recent Advances in Understanding Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity and Its Prevention","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.112888","article-title":"Supporting Sensory Transduction: Cochlear Fluid Homeostasis and the Endocochlear Potential","volume":"576","author":"Wangemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"1017","article-title":"A Risk Model for Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Workers","volume":"77","author":"Asghari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2528-17.2018","article-title":"A Gain-of-Function Mutation in the A9 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Alters Medial Olivocochlear Efferent Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"38","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.07.035","article-title":"Competitive Binding at a Nicotinic Receptor Transmembrane Site of Two A7-Selective Positive Allosteric Modulators with Differing Effects on Agonist-Evoked Desensitization","volume":"61","author":"Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/8\/3614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T07:59:06Z","timestamp":1776758346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/8\/3614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27083614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27083614","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]}}}