{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:50:15Z","timestamp":1776689415185,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UCC Pilot Project Program"},{"name":"Title V Program at the University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus","award":["P031S200104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P031S200104"]}]},{"name":"Alliance for Clinical and Translational Research"},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) National Institutes of Health","award":["2P50GM133807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2P50GM133807"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural bioactive polysaccharides have been investigated for their ability to modulate antiviral immune responses. Polysaccharide peptide (PSP) from Coriolus versicolor previously restricted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into monocytic cells through a protein kinase R (PKR)-dependent cytoskeletal mechanism. However, its impact on antiviral signaling in adaptive cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)+ T-cell models remains incompletely defined. Here, we evaluated concentration- and time-dependent effects of PSP (50\u20131000 \u00b5g\/mL) in Jurkat T cells over 3 and 6 days. Cell viability was assessed by MTT, trypan blue exclusion, and viable cell density analysis. Immunoblotting and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were performed to examine Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 2 (STAT1\/STAT2), PKR, interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3), and cofilin-1 signaling. PSP did not induce cytotoxicity at any concentration. Instead, PSP promoted dose- and time-dependent upregulation of intracellular TLR4, PKR, phospho-PKR (Thr446), Cofilin-1, phospho-Cofilin-1 (Ser3), phospho-STAT1 (Tyr701), phospho-STAT2 (Tyr690), phospho-NF-\u03baB (Ser536), and IFN-\u03b3, with amplified responses at Day 6. These changes were paralleled by transcriptional induction of antiviral-associated genes. Collectively, PSP induces coordinated interferon (IFN)-associated and cytoskeletal regulatory signaling in Jurkat T cells without cytotoxicity, providing a mechanistic framework for future evaluation of viral permissiveness and antiviral responses in adaptive immune models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:01:22Z","timestamp":1776686482000},"page":"3661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Time- and Dose-Dependent PSP-Induced Modulation of Antiviral Signaling Networks in CD4+ T Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6664-0129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glamaris N.","family":"Rosario-Sanfiorenzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8667-831X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni O.","family":"Alicea-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00960, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9659-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashlin N.","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Arecibo, PR 00612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naiara I.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Santisteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7180-9033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda C.","family":"Rivera-Pay\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeshua J.","family":"Col\u00f3n-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail M.","family":"Rivera-Berganzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Bermudez-Fosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00960, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ileanmarie","family":"Santana-Costas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1677-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Nieves-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Arecibo, PR 00612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiola I.","family":"Col\u00f3n-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00960, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julieness M.","family":"Correa-Haifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00960, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia I.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Cintr\u00f3n-V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, R\u00edo Piedras, PR 00925, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9nesis M.","family":"Matos-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5782-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00960, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2026, March 15). 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