{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:48:43Z","timestamp":1785408523419,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002462","name":"Chungnam National University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-25442707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-25442707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) exhibit substantial inter-individual and secretor-dependent variation, yet comprehensive quantitative data across diverse maternal phenotypes remain limited. In this study, we analyzed 578 human milk samples from four Asian populations using a dual mass spectrometry approach, combining quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) for structural profiling and triple quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometry for absolute quantitation of 15 major HMOs. Samples were classified into Secretor (76.7%) and Non-Secretor (23.3%) groups based on \u03b1-1,2-fucosylated HMO profiles. Secretor milk was enriched in \u03b1-1,2-fucosylated HMOs, whereas Non-Secretor milk showed markedly reduced levels of these structures. However, Non-Secretor retained substantial total fucosylated HMOs (65\u201376% of Secretor levels), accompanied by increased \u03b1-1,3\/4-fucosylated structures, including up to 3.2-fold higher levels of 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL). Sensitive QQQ quantitation further revealed trace levels of \u03b1-1,2-fucosylated HMOs in Non-Secretor at concentrations 10\u2013100-fold lower than in Secretor. Correlation analysis indicated an inverse relationship between \u03b1-1,2- and \u03b1-1,3-fucosylation patterns, consistent with redistribution of fucosylation pathways. These findings suggest that the Non-Secretor phenotype represents a distinct compositional state rather than a simple loss of \u03b1-1,2-fucosylation and provide a quantitative framework for phenotype-informed nutritional strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:42:45Z","timestamp":1776771765000},"page":"3690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative Profiling of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Across Asian Countries Reveals Secretor-Dependent Variations and Implications for Infant Nutrition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"My Tuyen T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Hye","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biopharmaceutical & Biotherapeutic Practice Training Center, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nari","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Uk","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejoen 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Major of Glocal Life-Care Convergence, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Education Center for the Innovative Next Generation Leaders in Glocal Lifecare, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayeon","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejoen 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Major of Glocal Life-Care Convergence, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Education Center for the Innovative Next Generation Leaders in Glocal Lifecare, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yebin","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejoen 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Major of Glocal Life-Care Convergence, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Education Center for the Innovative Next Generation Leaders in Glocal Lifecare, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Yeon","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejoen 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3599-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanh Hong T.","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Hanh Thong Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji A.","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maeil Asia Human Milk Research Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd., 63 Jinwiseo-ro, Jinwi-myeon, Pyeongtaek 17706, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5711-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4305-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan Hong M.","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beenish","family":"Israr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Joo","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-9957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaehan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejoen 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Major of Glocal Life-Care Convergence, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Education Center for the Innovative Next Generation Leaders in Glocal Lifecare, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.20.1.699","article-title":"Oligosaccharides in human milk: Structural, functional, and metabolic aspects","volume":"20","author":"Kunz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. 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