{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:03:05Z","timestamp":1785402185130,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-115475GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115475GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2023-148768OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-148768OA-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-159003OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-159003OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2021-001159-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2021-001159-M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PID2020-115475GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115475GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PID2023-148768OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-148768OA-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PID2024-159003OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-159003OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FPU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CEX2021-001159-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2021-001159-M"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021 SGR 00288 625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 00288 625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CERCA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERCA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2021 SGR 00288 625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 00288 625"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bg62x04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CERCA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERCA"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bg62x04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases have been extensively studied over the years. However, CSF samples are routinely centrifuged, and the resulting sediment or pellet is typically discarded to remove cellular debris and high-density particles. This standard practice raises a critical question: Could these discarded sediments harbour potential biomarkers? The aim of the present study is to demonstrate that CSF sediments contain specific brain-derived components and thus to substantiate the possible presence of biomarkers within these sediments. To this end, we analysed post-mortem CSF samples of one patient with neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and one patient with confirmed progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). CSF pellets were studied using transmission and scanning electron microscopy techniques (TEM and SEM, respectively), along with compositional analysis through SEM combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), as well as immunofluorescence and histochemical analyses on semithin pellet sections. We observed that, among others, CSF pellets contain brain-derived structures such as wasteosomes and psammoma bodies. Furthermore, we also found disease-relevant proteins, including tau and A\u03b242 in the AD sediment and tau in the PSP sediment. Although further studies are required, the study of CSF pellets could open new avenues for biomarker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:10:44Z","timestamp":1776787844000},"page":"3692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cerebrospinal Fluid Sediments as a Novel Tool for Potential Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4095-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Alsina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centros de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6293-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Riba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centros de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7405-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Sartorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centros de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8233-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Romera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centros de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8814-1742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berta","family":"Vilaplana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Reumatologia, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Prats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Microsc\u00f2pia Electr\u00f2nica i T\u00e8cniques Afins, Centres Cient\u00edfics i Tecnol\u00f2gics UB (CCiTUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4068-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Molina-Porcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Tissue Bank, Biobank of the Hospital Cl\u00ednic of Barcelona-IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6703-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaume","family":"del Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centros de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7734-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carme","family":"Pelegr\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centros de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2113-238X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Vilaplana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centros de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.032","article-title":"Hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"186","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00269-y","article-title":"Alzheimer disease","volume":"7","author":"Knopman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00447-0","article-title":"Frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Grossman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0612-2","article-title":"Nomenclature and nosology for neuropathologic subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: An update","volume":"119","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.4","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease","volume":"6","author":"Blennow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01382-x","article-title":"Biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"27","author":"Hansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.03.003","article-title":"The clinical use of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker testing for Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis: A consensus paper from the Alzheimer\u2019s Biomarkers Standardization Initiative","volume":"10","author":"Molinuevo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00430-x","article-title":"Moving fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease from research tools to routine clinical diagnostics","volume":"16","author":"Zetterberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326603","article-title":"Use of plasma biomarkers for AT(N) classification of neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"92","author":"Alcolea","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaa142","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa142","article-title":"TDP-43 real-time quaking induced conversion reaction optimization and detection of seeding activity in CSF of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia patients","volume":"2","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16206","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16206","article-title":"Misfolded alpha-synuclein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Implications for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2023.100629","article-title":"Methods to discover and validate biofluid-based biomarkers in neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"22","author":"Teunissen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c47cc2","article-title":"A consensus protocol for the standardization of cerebrospinal fluid collection and biobanking","volume":"73","author":"Teunissen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashton, N.J., Brum, W.S., Di Molfetta, G., Benedet, A.L., Arslan, B., Jonatis, E., Langhough, R.E., Cody, K., Wilson, R., and Carlsson, C.M. (2023). Diagnostic accuracy of the plasma ALZpath pTau217 immunoassay to identify Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.11.23292493"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.12.46","article-title":"Recommendations to standardize preanalytical confounding factors in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: An update","volume":"6","author":"Mollenhauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26038","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913741116","article-title":"Corpora amylacea act as containers that remove waste products from the brain","volume":"116","author":"Riba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41807","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41807","article-title":"New perspectives on corpora amylacea in the human brain","volume":"7","author":"Vilaplana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199602000-00008","article-title":"Extrusion of corpora amylacea from the marginal glia at the vestibular root entry zone","volume":"55","author":"Sbarbati","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31766-y","article-title":"Exploring the elusive composition of corpora amylacea of human brain","volume":"8","author":"Duran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02834201","article-title":"Comparison of methods for analysis of CSF proteins in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Townsend","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurochem. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20730","article-title":"Inverse relation between in vivo amyloid imaging load and cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 in humans","volume":"59","author":"Fagan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0798-832","article-title":"Detection of single amyloid beta-protein aggregates in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer\u2019s patients by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy","volume":"4","author":"Pitschke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04606-7","article-title":"Protein fibril length in cerebrospinal fluid is increased in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Nirmalraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.022","article-title":"The meningeal lymphatic system: A new player in neurophysiology","volume":"100","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0368-8","article-title":"Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"560","author":"Louveau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"71","article-title":"Waste clearance shapes aging brain health","volume":"113","author":"Drieu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-113023-103045","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatics in central nervous system diseases","volume":"47","author":"Salvador","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae329","article-title":"Neurodegenerative fluid biomarkers are enriched in human cervical lymph nodes","volume":"148","author":"Provine","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101484","article-title":"From corpora amylacea to wasteosomes: History and perspectives","volume":"72","author":"Riba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01812-0","article-title":"Increase in wasteosomes (corpora amylacea) in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with specific detection of tau, TDP-43 and FUS pathology","volume":"12","author":"Alsina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"334","article-title":"Parasynaptic corpora amylacea in the striatum","volume":"105","author":"Averback","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"60","article-title":"Polyglucosan bodies in brain tissue: A systematic study","volume":"13","author":"Busard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00003-X","article-title":"Corpora-amylacea and the family of polyglucosan diseases","volume":"29","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"233","article-title":"Immunochemical identification of ubiquitin and heat-shock proteins in corpora amylacea from normal aged and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains","volume":"85","author":"Perry","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riba, M., Del Valle, J., Romera, C., Alsina, R., Molina-Porcel, L., Pelegr\u00ed, C., and Vilaplana, J. (2023). Uncovering tau in wasteosomes (corpora amylacea) of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1110425"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/1055-8330(95)90024-1","article-title":"A functional role for corpora amylacea based on evidence from complement studies","volume":"4","author":"Singhrao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.019","article-title":"Novel role of transglutaminase 1 in corpora amylacea formation?","volume":"32","author":"Wilhelmus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101255","article-title":"The accumulation of tau-immunoreactive hippocampal granules and corpora amylacea implicates reactive glia in tau pathogenesis during aging","volume":"23","author":"Wander","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2211326119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211326119","article-title":"Wasteosomes (corpora amylacea) as a hallmark of chronic glymphatic insufficiency","volume":"119","author":"Riba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riba, M., Aug\u00e9, E., Tena, I., Del Valle, J., Molina-Porcel, L., Ximelis, T., Vilaplana, J., and Pelegr\u00ed, C. (2021). Corpora amylacea in the human brain exhibit neoepitopes of a carbohydrate nature. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.618193"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00915-2","article-title":"Wasteosomes (corpora amylacea) of human brain can be phagocytosed and digested by macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Riba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-023-02664-5","article-title":"Analyzing the Virchow pioneering report on brain corpora amylacea: Shedding light on recurrent controversies","volume":"228","author":"Riba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01930815","article-title":"Ueber eine im Gehirn und R\u00fcckenmark des Menschen aufgefundene Substanz mit der chemischen Reaction der Cellulose","volume":"6","author":"Virchow","year":"1854","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20442","article-title":"Morphometric and some immunohistochemical characteristics of human choroid plexus stroma and psammoma bodies","volume":"70","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.01.006","article-title":"Psammoma bodies\u2014Friends or foes of the aging choroid plexus","volume":"74","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP160321205Z","article-title":"Psammoma bodies as signs of choroid plexus ageing\u2014A morphometric analysis","volume":"74","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vojnosanit. Pregl."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Virchow, R. (1865). Die Krankhaften Geschw\u00fclste, August Hirschwald."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0910-3","article-title":"National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A practical approach","volume":"123","author":"Montine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/8\/3692\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:12:56Z","timestamp":1776787976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/8\/3692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27083692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27083692","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]}}}