{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T17:04:59Z","timestamp":1776791099346,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity drives chronic low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, key contributors to subclinical atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the netrin 1\/UNC5B axis and its role in promoting macrophage retention within adipose tissue and atherosclerotic plaques, thereby perpetuating local inflammation and vascular injury. Complementary inflammatory markers\u2014including IL 6, hsCRP, and IL 15\u2014are discussed as indicators of systemic inflammatory burden, whereas endocan and ICAM 1 are briefly addressed as markers of endothelial activation. Among emerging pharmacological strategies, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP 1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) show the most consistent evidence for improving these biomarkers and reducing endothelial damage, with GLP 1RAs demonstrating direct effects on carotid intima\u2013media thickness. Integrating biomarker profiling with obesity phenotypes may improve early risk stratification and support more precise management of subclinical atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:10:44Z","timestamp":1776787844000},"page":"3694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomarkers and Endothelial Damage in Obesity: An Insight into the Pharmacological Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3480-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo Yonatan","family":"Boj\u00f3rquez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, 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Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7892-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Beltr\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Terap\u00e9utica Experimental y Cl\u00ednica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1540-9365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Ricardo","family":"Balleza-Alejandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9522-1222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Daniel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Terap\u00e9utica Experimental y Cl\u00ednica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesto Javier","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Lizardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Terap\u00e9utica Experimental y Cl\u00ednica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2120-1819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Jonathan","family":"Garc\u00eda-Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Terap\u00e9utica Experimental y Cl\u00ednica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, 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