{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:09:23Z","timestamp":1785431363416,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT","award":["IN212422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN212422"]}]},{"name":"UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT","award":["IN219025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN219025"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONAHCYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBF2023-2024-734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBF2023-2024-734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CBF2023-2024-734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBF2023-2024-734"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare and progressive condition characterized by the extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils in multiple organs. Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR-wt) is the most common type affecting subjects above 60 years old. Recent and growing evidence suggests a potential link between GM and cardiac amyloidosis. In this scenario, the aim of the present study is to characterize the gut microbiota (GM), related metabolites and inflammatory biomarkers in ATTR-wt patients. In the ATTR patients we identified Prevotella_9 as the core OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Unit) of this group, alongside Prevotella 7, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31. In addition, there were increased levels of long fatty acids, including tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids, in the ATTR group. The data obtained suggest that ATTR patients have an altered gut microbiota that could be used as a potential biomarker in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, as well as a potential predictor of adverse prognosis in ATTR patients. In addition, the intestinal dysbiosis in ATTR patients could be associated with low-grade endotoxemia promoting a pro-inflammatory state due to the translocation of bacterial components, such as LPS (lipopolysaccharide), into blood circulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T08:08:02Z","timestamp":1777018082000},"page":"3763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut\u2013Heart Axis: Microbiome Involvement in Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloidosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1477-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itzel Ivonn","family":"L\u00f3pez-Tenorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n UNAM-INC, Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0773-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Alejandro","family":"Constantino-Jonapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n UNAM-INC, Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5095-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Jaimez-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n UNAM-INC, Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Quiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n UNAM-INC, Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7748-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Jorge-Galarza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Outpatients Care, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0060-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alma Reyna","family":"Escalona-Monta\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n UNAM-INC, Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-9343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amedeo","family":"Amedei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Soria-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Outpatients Care, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique Alexander","family":"Berrios-Barcenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Outpatients Care, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"SBE-Hospital Espa\u00f1ol, Mexico City 11520, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8696-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Magdalena","family":"Aguirre-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n UNAM-INC, Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab072","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis: A position statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"42","author":"Rapezzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-052918-020140","article-title":"Cardiac Amyloidosis: Overlooked, Underappreciated, and Treatable","volume":"71","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000792","article-title":"Cardiac Amyloidosis: Evolving Diagnosis and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"142","author":"Kittleson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.165","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"12","author":"Gertz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2017.07.004","article-title":"Cardiac amyloidosis: An update on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-319605","article-title":"Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Recent concepts in diagnosis, mechanisms and management","volume":"108","author":"Gevaert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11519","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46100684","article-title":"Cardiac Amyloidosis: State-of-the-Art Review in Molecular Pathology","volume":"46","author":"Salzillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"375","article-title":"Prognostic impact of light-chain and transthyretin-related categories in cardiac amyloidosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2025.102354","article-title":"Characteristics and Prognosis of Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Patients Diagnosed Before 65 Years Old","volume":"4","author":"Guijarro","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-025-00421-9","article-title":"Survival in a Contemporary, Real-World Cohort of Patients with Mixed-Phenotype Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Treated with Tafamidis: An Analysis from THAOS","volume":"14","author":"Wixner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.07.100","article-title":"Impact of clinical and echocardiographic characteristics on occurrence of cardiac events in cardiac amyloidosis as proven by endomyocardial biopsy","volume":"176","author":"Nakahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4509com","article-title":"Doxycycline disrupts transthyretin amyloid: Evidence from studies in a FAP transgenic mice model","volume":"20","author":"Cardoso","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3109\/13506129.2012.678508","article-title":"Doxycycline plus tauroursodeoxycholic acid for transthyretin amyloidosis: A phase II study","volume":"19","author":"Obici","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01493-0","article-title":"A serine protease secreted from Bacillus subtilis cleaves human plasma transthyretin to generate an amyloidogenic fragment","volume":"3","author":"Peterle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.11.002","article-title":"Human Gut Microbiome: Function Matters","volume":"26","author":"Wilmes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200306","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Lipopolysaccharide as Mediators Between Gut Dysbiosis and Amyloid Pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"78","author":"Marizzoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00004.2020","article-title":"Gut Microbial Metabolites and Blood Pressure Regulation: Focus on SCFAs and TMAO","volume":"35","author":"Poll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0108-7","article-title":"Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rissato, J.H., de Melo Pereira, N., Romero, C.E., Del Cisne Jadan Luzuriaga, G., Kerges Bueno, B.V., Fonseca Cafezeiro, C.R., de Alencar Neto, A.C., Borges, T.S., Freitas Carvalhal, S., and Ramires, F.J.A. (2025). Different Gut Microbiome Profiles in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloidosis with and Without Cardiac Involvement. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041689"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0230224","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02302-24","article-title":"Unraveling gut microbiome alterations and metabolic signatures in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.014","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide causes an increase in intestinal tight junction permeability in vitro and in vivo by inducing enterocyte membrane expression and localization of TLR-4 and CD14","volume":"182","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803072r","article-title":"Amyloid-degrading ability of nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis natto","volume":"57","author":"Hsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1021\/bi301313b","article-title":"Age-related oxidative modifications of transthyretin modulate its amyloidogenicity","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suenaga, G., Ikeda, T., Komohara, Y., Takamatsu, K., Kakuma, T., Tasaki, M., Misumi, Y., Ueda, M., Ito, T., and Senju, S. (2016). Involvement of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy and Efficacy of Human iPS Cell-Derived Macrophages in Its Treatment. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163944"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luigetti, M., Guglielmino, V., Romano, A., Sciarrone, M.A., Vitali, F., Sabino, A., Gervasoni, J., Primiano, A., Santucci, L., and Moroni, R. (2022). A Metabolic Signature of Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416133"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127241","article-title":"Secondary structure and toxicity of transthyretin fibrils can be altered by unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"253","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02332-5","article-title":"Free fatty acids: Independent predictors of long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients","volume":"23","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107279","article-title":"The interplay between gut microbiota and the unfolded protein response: Implications for intestinal homeostasis preservation and dysbiosis-related diseases","volume":"200","author":"Sallese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2025.05.002","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular diseases and their potential as novel therapeutic targets","volume":"86","author":"Yamashita","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"100423","article-title":"The link between inflammatory\/SCFA profiles and oral\/gut microbiome: An observational study in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"9","author":"Pallecchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Microb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.112836","article-title":"Blautia spp. in the gut microbiome: Relation to dietary choices and to the nutritional status of patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Pecyna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-025-00752-x","article-title":"Exploring the role of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease patients comorbid with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41283-w","article-title":"Bacteroides Fragilis in the gut microbiomes of Alzheimer\u2019s disease activates microglia and triggers pathogenesis in neuronal C\/EBPbeta transgenic mice","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848158","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1848158","article-title":"Gut Bacteroides species in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Zafar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2022.126354","article-title":"A taxonomic note on the genus Prevotella: Description of four novel genera and emended description of the genera Hallella and Xylanibacter","volume":"45","author":"Hitch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249152","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2249152","article-title":"The curious case of Prevotella copri","volume":"15","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, H., Wu, X., Wang, X., Zhou, J.Y., and Park, S. (2024). Microbial Dysbiosis Linked to Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Asians: Prevotella copri Promotes Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis and Network Instability in the Prevotella Enterotype. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042183"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1039","article-title":"Intramyocardial inflammation predicts adverse outcome in patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis","volume":"20","author":"Siegismund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.04.007","article-title":"Endomyocardial Biopsy Characterization of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Prevalence of Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"8","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000001001","article-title":"The intestine and cardiovascular disease","volume":"36","author":"Delk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00737-2","article-title":"Gut-derived low-grade endotoxaemia, atherothrombosis and cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Violi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393270","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2393270","article-title":"The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Hays","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fusco, W., Lorenzo, M.B., Cintoni, M., Porcari, S., Rinninella, E., Kaitsas, F., Lener, E., Mele, M.C., Gasbarrini, A., and Collado, M.C. (2023). Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101706","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid metabolism and multiple effects on cardiovascular diseases","volume":"81","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"25","article-title":"Serum fatty acid binding proteins as a potential biomarker in atrial fibrillation","volume":"70","author":"Golaszewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"000994","article-title":"Characterization of emergent toxigenic M1UK Streptococcus pyogenes and associated sublineages","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13532","article-title":"Kinetic and molecular dynamic studies of inhibitors of shikimate dehydrogenase from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"94","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65692-1","article-title":"Odoribacter splanchnicus rescues aging-related intestinal P-glycoprotein damage via GDP-L-fucose secretion","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2023.130320","article-title":"The coordinated action of the enzymes in the L-lysine biosynthetic pathway and how to inhibit it for antibiotic targets","volume":"1867","author":"Muduli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393756","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2393756","article-title":"Consistent signatures in the human gut microbiome of longevous populations","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.206250","article-title":"The aspartate superpathway in gut microbiota-related metabolic pathways mediates immune cell protection against COPD and IPF: A Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800421991656","article-title":"Co-Occurrence of Symptoms and Gut Microbiota Composition Before Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy for Rectal Cancer: A Proof of Concept","volume":"23","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Liu, T., Ma, R., Pan, X., and Tian, Y. (2025). Octenyl Succinic Anhydride Starch Alleviates Alcoholic Liver Disease by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolism. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172779"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldi, S., Menicatti, M., Nannini, G., Niccolai, E., Russo, E., Ricci, F., Pallecchi, M., Romano, F., Pedone, M., and Poli, G. (2021). Free Fatty Acids Signature in Human Intestinal Disorders: Significant Association between Butyric Acid and Celiac Disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030742"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2022.114762","article-title":"A method for assessing plasma free fatty acids from C2 to C18 and its application for the early detection of colorectal cancer","volume":"215","author":"Bartolucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","article-title":"PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions","volume":"38","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/3763\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:41:02Z","timestamp":1778150462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/3763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27093763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27093763","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]}}}