{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:40:51Z","timestamp":1789184451017,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Center","award":["2024\/55\/B\/NZ8\/0164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/55\/B\/NZ8\/0164"]}]},{"award":["2024\/55\/B\/NZ8\/0164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/55\/B\/NZ8\/0164"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lack of the literature data on the actual CO2 assimilation and dissimilation in aquatic plants under conditions of high chromium concentrations prompted this study to determine the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus and the actual rates of photosynthesis and respiration in Callitriche cophocarpa plants under chromium stress conditions. We hypothesized that C. cophocarpa would need to display an efficient acclimation mechanism that allows for efficient carboxylation and dark respiration in the presence of Cr(VI) ions. Shoots of C. cophocarpa plants were cultured in the control medium (Cr-free) and in the medium with addition of 0.1 mM potassium chromate. Results revealed that young and mature organs of examined plants respond differently to Cr(VI) ions. In young leaves, the decrease in pigment content (in comparison to control, car, chl a, total chl, and chl b by 15, 38, 39, and 49%, respectively) and distorted chloroplast ultrastructure led to lower efficiency of photosynthesis (by 22.5% compared to control). These leaves also exhibited reduced dark respiration efficiency (by 36.2% compared to control). In turn, mature leaves exhibited no change in photosynthesis and respiration efficiency. C. cophocarpa withstands Cr toxicity due to acclimation strategies associated with the reduction in the size of photosynthetic antennas and the effective use of reduced amounts of incoming radiation, as well as efficient dark respiration in mature leaves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T08:08:02Z","timestamp":1777018082000},"page":"3769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Photosynthesis and Respiration Efficiency of Callitriche cophocarpa Sendtn. Under the Stress of Hexavalent Chromium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4131-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Tokarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7826-7205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Augustynowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Makowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5579-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz J.","family":"P\u0142achno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2788-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksymilian","family":"Zienkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof M.","family":"Tokarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2022.01.005","article-title":"Persistent degradation: Global water quality challenges and required actions","volume":"5","author":"Plessis","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(99)00168-2","article-title":"Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation","volume":"107","author":"Kotas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-8545(00)00408-2","article-title":"Studies on the genotoxicity of chromium: From the test tube to the cell","volume":"216","author":"Codd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. 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