{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:10:16Z","timestamp":1778130616370,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antioxidant supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) has been proposed as a strategy to influence transcriptional responses in oocytes and cumulus\u2013oocyte complexes. In this study, we investigated whether vitamin C, rosmarinic acid, or quercetin influence the expression of key fertilisation-associated genes (CD9, ITGA6, MFGE8, ZP2, and ZP3) in porcine cumulus\u2013oocyte complexes (COCs). COCs were classified into three intrinsic quality groups (I\u2013III) and matured in the presence or absence of antioxidants. Gene expression was quantified by RT-qPCR and analysed using a two-way ANOVA model to assess the effects of COC quality and treatment. ZP2 and ZP3 transcript levels were consistently lower in class II and III COCs than in class I controls (p &lt; 0.001). Antioxidant supplementation was associated with treatment- and quality-dependent differences in gene expression. Quercetin was associated with the most pronounced upregulation, with Q I increasing ZP2 expression to 2.95-fold and ZP3 to 2.43-fold relative to class I controls (p &lt; 0.001). Vitamin C was also associated with increased transcript abundance across several treatment groups, including class II and class III COCs, whereas rosmarinic acid exhibited more moderate and gene-specific effects. In contrast, MFGE8 expression, which was elevated in lower-quality COCs, was reduced in antioxidant-treated class II and III complexes. These findings provide transcript-level evidence that antioxidant exposure during IVM is associated with treatment- and quality-dependent changes in fertilisation-related gene expression in porcine COCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:28:23Z","timestamp":1777040903000},"page":"3801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Vitamin C, Rosmarinic Acid, or Quercetin on Fertilisation-Related Gene Expression in Porcine Cumulus\u2013Oocyte Complexes During In Vitro Maturation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9335-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana-Maria","family":"Boldura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1099-331X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Marc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u0103lin","family":"Mircu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioan","family":"Hu\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9308-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiana","family":"Coco\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7929-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorin Alexandru","family":"Vizitiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7654-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Savici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xu, Y., Li, S., Yan, X., Yang, X., Chen, M., Wang, Y., Jia, R., Zhou, D., and Shi, D. (2023). Beneficial Effects of Catalpol Supplementation during In Vitro Maturation of Porcine Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061222"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirillova, A., Smitz, J.E.J., Sukhikh, G.T., and Mazunin, I. (2021). The Role of Mitochondria in Oocyte Maturation. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092484"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P.R., Redel, B.K., Kerns, K.C., Spate, L.D., and Prather, R.S. (2021). Challenges and Considerations during In Vitro Production of Porcine Embryos. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102770"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh835","article-title":"Cracking the Egg: Increased Complexity in the Zona Pellucida","volume":"20","author":"Conner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000016730","article-title":"Structure and Function of the Proteins of the Mammalian Zona Pellucida","volume":"166","author":"Prasad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tumova, L., Zigo, M., Sutovsky, P., Sedmikova, M., and Postlerova, P. (2021). Ligands and Receptors Involved in the Sperm-Zona Pellucida Interactions in Mammals. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010133"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.17221\/38\/2010-VETMED","article-title":"The Morphology of Porcine Oocytes Is Associated with Zona Pellucida Glycoprotein 3 and Integrin Beta 2 Protein Levels","volume":"55","author":"Antosik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.095877","article-title":"Function of the Acrosomal Matrix: Zona Pellucida 3 Receptor (ZP3R\/Sp56) Is Not Essential for Mouse Fertilization1","volume":"86","author":"Muro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12972","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150712972","article-title":"Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Sperm-Oocyte Interactions Opinions Relative to In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)","volume":"15","author":"Anifandis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-005-0463-0","article-title":"Adhesion Activity of Fetal Gonadal Cells to EGF and Discoidin Domains of Milk Fat Globule-EGF Factor 8 (MFG-E8), a Secreted Integrin-Binding Protein Which Is Transiently Expressed in Mouse Early Gonadogenesis","volume":"209","author":"Ishii","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P. (2014). MFG-E8: Origin, Structure, Expression, Functions and Regulation. MFG-E8 and Inflammation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8765-9"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/RD9.0000000000000063","article-title":"The Effect of Antioxidants on Increased Oocyte Competence in IVM: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Solati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Dev. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artini, P.G., Scarf\u00f2, G., Marzi, I., Fusi, J., Obino, M.E., Franzoni, F., Zappelli, E., Chelucci, E., Martini, C., and Cela, V. (2022). Oxidative Stress-Related Signaling Pathways Predict Oocytes\u2019 Fertilization In Vitro and Embryo Quality. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113442"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-08-0340","article-title":"Pre-Fertilization Zona Pellucida Hardening by Different Cross-Linkers Affects IVF in Pigs and Cattle and Improves Embryo Production in Pigs","volume":"137","author":"Canova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20203091","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20203091","article-title":"Hydroxyurea Affects In Vitro Porcine Oocyte Maturation through Increased Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress","volume":"41","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2022.107186","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants to Control Oxidative Stress during In Vitro Follicle Growth, Oocyte Maturation, and Embryo Development","volume":"249","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.02.017","article-title":"Association Study and Expression Analysis of CD9 as Candidate Gene for Boar Sperm Quality and Fertility Traits","volume":"125","author":"Kaewmala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101911","article-title":"Exposure to Aristolochic Acid I Compromises the Maturational Competency of Porcine Oocytes via Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006635","article-title":"Recombinant Milk Fat Globule\u2013EGF Factor-8 Reduces Oxidative Stress via Integrin \u03923\/Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2\u2013Related Factor 2\/Heme Oxygenase Pathway in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Rats","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00643-3","article-title":"Identification of Mouse Sperm SED1, a Bimotif EGF Repeat and Discoidin-Domain Protein Involved in Sperm-Egg Binding","volume":"114","author":"Ensslin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17989","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54501-7","article-title":"Mammalian Spermatozoa and Cumulus Cells Bind to a 3D Model Generated by Recombinant Zona Pellucida Protein-Coated Beads","volume":"9","author":"Hamze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.10.023","article-title":"Cytoplasmic Maturation of Bovine Oocytes: Structural and Biochemical Modifications and Acquisition of Developmental Competence","volume":"71","author":"Ferreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguila, L., Treulen, F., Therrien, J., Felmer, R., Valdivia, M., and Smith, L.C. (2020). Oocyte Selection for In Vitro Embryo Production in Bovine Species: Noninvasive Approaches for New Challenges of Oocyte Competence. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0453.v2"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dosed\u011bl, M., Jirkovsk\u00fd, E., Mac\u00e1kov\u00e1, K., Kr\u010dmov\u00e1, L.K., Javorsk\u00e1, L., Pourov\u00e1, J., Mercolini, L., Remi\u00e3o, F., Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1, L., and Mlad\u011bnka, P. (2021). Vitamin C\u2014Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020615"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boldura, O.-M., Marc, S., Otava, G., Hutu, I., Balta, C., Tulcan, C., and Mircu, C. (2021). Utilization of Rosmarinic and Ascorbic Acids for Maturation Culture Media in Order to Increase Sow Oocyte Quality Prior to IVF. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237215"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadeem, M., Imran, M., Aslam Gondal, T., Imran, A., Shahbaz, M., Muhammad Amir, R., Wasim Sajid, M., Batool Qaisrani, T., Atif, M., and Hussain, G. (2019). Therapeutic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid: A Comprehensive Review. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153139"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-022-01378-2","article-title":"Biomedical Features and Therapeutic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid","volume":"45","author":"Noor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azhar, M.K., Anwar, S., Hasan, G.M., Shamsi, A., Islam, A., Parvez, S., and Hassan, M.I. (2023). Comprehensive Insights into Biological Roles of Rosmarinic Acid: Implications in Diabetes, Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194297"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2013.14.1.15","article-title":"Quercetin Improves the In Vitro Development of Porcine Oocytes by Decreasing Reactive Oxygen Species Levels","volume":"14","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.10.047","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Quercetin and Its Derivatives","volume":"40","author":"Lesjak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, T., Wen, K., Cong, P., Chen, Y., and He, Z. (2022). Quercetin Protects Porcine Oocytes from In Vitro Aging by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Maintaining the Mitochondrial Functions. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.915898"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghababaei, F., and Hadidi, M. (2023). Recent Advances in Potential Health Benefits of Quercetin. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16071020"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"297","article-title":"Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on In Vitro Oocyte Maturation and Embryonic Development after Parthenogenesis in Pigs","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Embryo Transf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111103","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Signalling in the Deterioration of Quality of Mammalian Oocytes Cultured In Vitro: Protective Effect of Antioxidants","volume":"117","author":"Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giller, K., Schmid, D., Serbetci, I., Mele\u00e1n, M., Greve, S., von Meyenn, F., Bollwein, H., and Herrera, C. (2025). In Vitro Maturation of Bovine Oocytes in the Presence of Resveratrol and Ellagic Acid but Not Chlorogenic Acid Modulates Blastocyst Antioxidant Gene Expression Without Impacting Embryo Development and Oxygen Consumption. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060621"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Li, Y., Fan, X., Cai, S., Li, S., Wang, Y., Wang, X., and Yang, F. (2025). A Transcriptomics Approach to Unveil the Antioxidant Effects of Tryptophan on Oocyte Quality Under Oxidative Stress in Pigs. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15070949"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-018-0421-0","article-title":"Quercetin Increases the Antioxidant Capacity of the Ovary in Menopausal Rats and in Ovarian Granulosa Cell Culture In Vitro","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00670-7","article-title":"In Vitro Production of Embryos in Swine","volume":"57","author":"Abeydeera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17357-3","article-title":"Sodium Fluoride Exposure Exerts Toxic Effects on Porcine Oocyte Maturation","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13493","article-title":"Effects of Resveratrol on In Vitro Maturation of Porcine Oocytes and Subsequent Early Embryonic Development Following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzeczka, A., and Kordowitzki, P. (2022). Resveratrol and SIRT1: Antiaging Cornerstones for Oocytes?. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235101"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23548","article-title":"Effects of NEFAs during IVM on Pig Embryos from Granulosa Cell-cocultured Oocytes","volume":"88","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/RD9.0000000000000100","article-title":"The Impact of Antioxidant Supplements on Oocytes and Preimplantation Embryos of Humans and Mammals, and Their Potential Application for Mitigating the Consequences of Oxidative Stress In Vitro: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Guseva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Dev. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-024-01427-y","article-title":"Ovarian Aging: Energy Metabolism of Oocytes","volume":"17","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, A., Oh, H.J., Ji, K., Choi, E.M., Kim, D., Kim, E., and Kim, M.K. (2022). Effect of Passage Number of Conditioned Medium Collected from Equine Amniotic Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Porcine Oocyte Maturation and Embryo Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126569"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.07.025","article-title":"Effect of Exogenous Glutathione Supplementation on the In Vitro Developmental Competence of Ovine Oocytes","volume":"173","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammad, M., Salma, R., Balosso, J., Rezvani, M., and Haghdoost, S. (2024). Role of Oxidative Stress Signaling, Nrf2, on Survival and Stemness of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Exposed to X-Rays, Protons and Carbon Ions. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13091035"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, S., and Kurokawa, M. (2023). Regulation of Oocyte Apoptosis: A View from Gene Knockout Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021345"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14338","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14338","article-title":"Oocytes Maintain Low ROS Levels to Support the Dormancy of Primordial Follicles","volume":"24","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, A.K., Ali, S.A., Singh, P., Kumar, S., and Mohanty, A.K. (2021). Transcriptional Repression of MFG-E8 Causes Disturbance in the Homeostasis of Cell Cycle Through DOCK\/ZP4\/STAT Signaling in Buffalo Mammary Epithelial Cells. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.568660"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02132-x","article-title":"MFGE8 Promotes Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Rats Following Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via Modifying the Integrin \u03923\/Akt Signaling Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.02.006","article-title":"The Ginsenoside Rh2 Protects Porcine Oocytes against Aging and Oxidative Stress by Regulating SIRT1 Expression and Mitochondrial Activity","volume":"200","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4103\/2305-0500.311618","article-title":"Evaluation of Pig Oocyte In Vitro Maturation and fertilization Using Three Gonadotropin-Based Hormonal Compounds","volume":"10","author":"Medrano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-022-04091-8","article-title":"An Insight into Anticancer, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Quercetin: A Review","volume":"80","author":"Azeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmab038","article-title":"The Role of Cellular Senescence in Female Reproductive Aging and the Potential for Senotherapeutic Interventions","volume":"28","author":"Secomandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W.-S., Jang, H., Park, M.-R., Oh, K.B., Lee, H., Hwang, S., Xu, L.-J., Hwang, I.-S., and Lee, J.-W. (2021). N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Improves the Developmental Competence of Bovine Oocytes and Embryos Cultured In Vitro by Attenuating Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060860"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7966","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30468","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Oocyte Aging and Female Reproduction","volume":"236","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S1642-431X(12)60097-7","article-title":"The Morphology of Porcine Oocytes Is Associated with Zona Pellucida Glycoprotein Transcript Contents","volume":"9","author":"Jackowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"120","article-title":"Influence of Antioxidant-Supplemented Media on In Vitro Maturation Rates and Morphological Quality of Swine Oocytes","volume":"LVIII","author":"Boldura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rom. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2011.00883.x","article-title":"In Vitro Production of Porcine Embryos: Current Status, Future Perspectives and Alternative Applications","volume":"82","author":"Somfai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(96)01487-X","article-title":"In Vitro Maturation and Fertilization of Pig Oocytes","volume":"42","author":"Nagai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.22.0083","article-title":"PPIA, HPRT1, and YWHAZ Are Suitable Reference Genes for Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay of the Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Gonadal Axis in Sows","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boldura, O.M., Savici, J., Mircu, C., Balta, C., and Marc, S. (2024, January 27\u201330). Validation of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR in Porcine Oocytes Cultured in Antioxidant-Enriched Media. Proceedings of the 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.5593\/sgem2024v\/4.2\/s19.52"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/3801\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:13:33Z","timestamp":1778127213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/3801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27093801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27093801","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]}}}