{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T18:09:02Z","timestamp":1778522942696,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":477,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Somatostatin is a potent endocrine regulator and neurotransmitter, exerting predominantly inhibitory effects in different tissues of the body, via G-protein coupled receptors. Five such specific receptors have been identified, with different effects and tissue distribution. The multifaceted actions and effects of somatostatin make it useful as a potential therapeutical means in various pathologies; however, in clinical practice, somatostatin analogues, namely octreotide, lanreotide and pasireotide, are commonly used instead, due to their increased half-life and increased receptor selectivity, with pasireotide showing a more extensive receptor binding profile and high affinity for somatotastin receptor (SSTR) 5, which may prove effective in cases of resistance to first-generation analogues. Apart from their many uses in neoplastic pathologies, somatostatin analogues represent viable treatment choices in some ocular pathologies, congenital hyperinsulinism, gastrointestinal bleedings and portal hypertension, acute pancreatitis, and dumping syndrome. They have also been used in some cases, with varying degrees of success, in patients with post-surgical gastrointestinal and lymphatic fistulas, refractory chronic diarrhoea and polycystic kidney disease; many applications in paediatric patients have also been documented. The aim of this review is to present the applications of somatostatin and its analogues as alternative or second-line therapies, along with insights into their effectiveness and future potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Somatostatin and Its Analogues as Second-Line Treatments in Non-Neoplastic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8319-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Argyrios","family":"Periferakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Elkyda, Research & Education Centre of Charismatheia, 17675 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7388-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamprini","family":"Troumpata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3644-3050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Xefteris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3545-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros Kanellos","family":"Mavrokefalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5827-3181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristodemos-Theodoros","family":"Periferakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Elkyda, Research & Education Centre of Charismatheia, 17675 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8919-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Periferakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Pan-Hellenic Organization of Educational Programs (P.O.E.P.), 17236 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Caruntu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3360-2628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea-Elena","family":"Scheau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, \u201cFoisor\u201d Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5948-233X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiana Diana Maria","family":"Dragosloveanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Dentistry, The \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital for Ophthalmological Emergencies, 010464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin","family":"Caruntu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, \u201cProf. N.C. Paulescu\u201d National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7676-6393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Scheau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, \u201cFoisor\u201d Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198312153092406","article-title":"Somatostatin","volume":"309","author":"Reichlin","year":"1983","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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