{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:57:33Z","timestamp":1777633053365,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIE15\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIE15\/00027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI25\/00300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI25\/00300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100025246","name":"Departament de Recerca i Universitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AGAUR 2021-SGR-01118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGAUR 2021-SGR-01118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100025246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endothelial dysfunction (ED) arises in multiple pathologies, and its severity correlates with disease progression. Common ED biomarkers could provide prognostic value for associated complications. This study aims to identify shared ED biomarkers and assess their prognostic significance. Endothelial cells in culture (human microvascular endothelial cells, HMEC-1) were exposed to sera from patients in five disease groups (n = 20 patients\/group)\u2014liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, placental disorders such as intrauterine growth restriction, coronary artery disease with acute myocardial infarction, and chronic kidney disease\u2014or matched controls, in the absence\/presence of anti-inflammatory (apixaban) and antioxidant (EUK134) compounds. We explored changes in: VCAM-1, ICAM-1, eNOS, VWF, extracellular matrix thrombogenicity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In serum samples, proteomics and metabolomics analyses (including lipids, amino acids, and polar metabolites) were performed through an extraction protocol to identify common ED biomarkers. Expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, VWF, platelet adhesion, and ROS increased in most groups versus controls (p &lt; 0.05). Both drugs decreased all biomarker levels except eNOS (n = 6 for in vitro experiments). For serum ED biomarkers, 18 metabolites and 24 proteins showed AUC-ROC and hit rates &gt;77.5%, and six metabolites were associated with event-free survival. These diseases share ED driven by systemic inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic stress, are partially reversible in vitro, and are linked to biomarkers associated with clinical outcomes. Overall, ED emerges as a modifiable pathological axis with potential prognostic value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Common Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction Across Highly Prevalent Diseases with Cardiovascular Risk: Functional Characterization and Prognostic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5934-7912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Martinez-Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hemostasis and Erythropathology Laboratory, Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic (CDB), Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergi","family":"Torramad\u00e9-Moix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hemostasis and Erythropathology Laboratory, Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic (CDB), Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Moreno-Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hemostasis and Erythropathology Laboratory, Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic (CDB), Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Lafoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8737-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"RICORS 2040 (RD21-0005-0003), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-3016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fritz","family":"Diekmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"RICORS 2040 (RD21-0005-0003), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Institut Clinic de Nefrologia i Urologia (ICNU), Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5071-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lida Maria","family":"Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Institut Clinic de Nefrologia i Urologia (ICNU), Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2412-6911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Cuadrado-Pay\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Institut Clinic de Nefrologia i Urologia (ICNU), Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-047X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Galceran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Institut Clinic de Nefrologia i Urologia (ICNU), Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6962-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleix","family":"Cases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Institut Clinic de Nefrologia i Urologia (ICNU), Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1469-4990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan Albert","family":"Barber\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Tura-Ceide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Translational Research Group on Cardiovascular Respiratory Diseases (CAREs), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital de Girona, Santa Caterina Hospital de Salt and the Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI-CERCA), 17007 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7422-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e0tima","family":"Crispi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Cl\u00ednic and Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u), Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Gratac\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Cl\u00ednic and Hospital Sant Joan de 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Department of Pathology, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic (CDB), Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01328.x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of the endothelium","volume":"3","author":"Aird","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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