{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T04:38:04Z","timestamp":1789792684444,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009570","name":"Srinakharinwirot University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["539\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["539\/2566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["539\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["539\/2566"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04718hx42","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Combining plant-derived bioactives could produce effective anti-inflammatory interventions for myofascial inflammation. This study evaluated in vitro synergy and computational mechanisms of curcumin\u2013evodiamine activity against TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, iNOS and COX-2, with frontier molecular orbital analysis to inform putative mechanisms. Evodiamine and curcumin were identified\/quantified by HPLC\u2013PDA and LC\u2013MS (\u03bbmax 226 nm and 426 nm; RT 8.61 and 9.53 min; [M\u2212H]\u2212m\/z 302.2 and 367.2). Purities were 98.08 \u00b1 1.92% and 98.04 \u00b1 1.86%. Noncytotoxic concentrations in RAW264.7 cells were determined, then LPS-stimulated cells were treated with evodiamine (0.01 \u00b5M), curcumin (0.01 \u00b5M) and a 1:1 mixture (0.001 \u00b5M). Molecular docking against TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, iNOS and COX-2 and HOMO\u2013LUMO calculations were performed. Curcumin and the combination significantly reduced TNF-\u03b1 and NO; curcumin and the combination reduced IL-1\u03b2, whereas evodiamine alone showed limited effects. Docking predicted stronger binding for curcumin and evodiamine than ibuprofen across targets (e.g., curcumin \u0394G \u221210.18 kcal\u00b7mol\u22121 for TNF-\u03b1; evodiamine \u0394G \u221210.02 kcal\u00b7mol\u22121 for COX-2). Frontier orbital energies indicated differing electronic profiles (ibuprofen \u0394E 8.62 eV; evodiamine 9.65 eV; curcumin 9.89 eV), suggesting complementary reactivity. The curcumin\u2013evodiamine combination exhibits in vitro anti-inflammatory activity with supportive docking and orbital data, providing mechanistic rationale for further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Combined Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Curcumin and Evodiamine: In Vitro Synergy, Docking, and Molecular Orbital Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sarin","family":"Tadtong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanyanat","family":"Atiwanitchakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muna","family":"Moohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuda","family":"Chittasupho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1058-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chatchapong","family":"Tangjidapichai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9301-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weerasak","family":"Samee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2024.101944","article-title":"Myofascial pain\u2014A major player in musculoskeletal pain","volume":"38","author":"Lam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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