{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:19:11Z","timestamp":1785403151987,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Medical University of Bialystok","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B.SUB.24.506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.506"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["B.SUB.24.506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.506"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y4ya841","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postprandial variability in glucose and protein levels is one of the elements of insulin resistance (IR) and prediabetes, which is an area precursor to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The objective of the study was a comprehensive proteomic analysis according to glucose tolerance in the general population who did not self-report DM or other diseases. We used Olink\u00ae Reveal, a novel, high-throughput platform by Olink Proteomics based on their Proximity Extension Assay (PEA), to identify levels of 1034 circulating proteins in small volumes (4 \u00b5L) of plasma samples. The study enrolled 508 participants (mean age 52 \u00b1 10.5 years, 47.2% men) from the population-based study, Bialystok PLUS Polish Longitudinal University Study. The study population was categorized according to glucose metabolism in comparison to impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and newly diagnosed DM. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) adjusted for age, weight, fat mass, lean mass, and body mass index (BMI), identified 19 proteins significantly associated with categories of glucose tolerance. Of the five markers with the greatest ability to distinguish newly diagnosed diabetes from non-diabetic participants, paralemmin 2 performed best (AUC = 0.81; 77% sensitivity, 75% specificity), whereas furin was the most accurate for detecting any abnormal glucose regulation (AUC = 0.69). A linear regression model adjusted for the same confounding factors showed statistically significant associations between HbA1c levels and 37 proteins. Our findings highlight multiple proteins with significantly different levels across categories of glucose tolerance, especially between the healthy controls and the group with newly diagnosed DM. The consistent patterns of protein level differences, independent of body composition, suggest potential involvement in the progression of glucose metabolism disturbances and provide unique insights into pathomechanisms. These findings identify PALM2, FURIN, PDZK1, ACAA1, and IL18R1 as potential biomarkers of early dysglycemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma Proteomic Signatures of Glucose Metabolism Disturbances and Early Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Zieleniewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Waszyngtona 15B Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Waszyngtona 15B Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Jamio\u0142kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Waszyngtona 15B Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2608-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Malarstig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Nobels Road 12A, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klev","family":"Diamanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olink, Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Salagatan 16A, 753 30 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5113-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Chlabicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Waszyngtona 15B Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Invasive Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Waszyngtona 15B Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4516-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Kondraciuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Waszyngtona 15B Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Nobels Road 12A, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerhan","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olink, Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Salagatan 16A, 753 30 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9281-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Waszyngtona 15B Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Kami\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Waszyngtona 15B Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Waszyngtona 15B Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1215-1","article-title":"Multi-omics approaches to disease","volume":"18","author":"Hasin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19949","article-title":"Mass-spectrometric exploration of proteome structure and function","volume":"537","author":"Aebersold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2014). 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