{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:40:23Z","timestamp":1777430423327,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe immune-mediated renal disorder causing significant morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Traditional biomarkers (serum complement components C3 and C4 and anti-dsDNA antibodies) have limited sensitivity and specificity for detecting renal flares; thus, new markers are needed to improve relapse detection and therapeutic response monitoring. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 71 women with SLE and 20 age- and sex-matched controls. Clinical data were collected, global activity was evaluated using the SLEDAI, and renal activity was evaluated using the renal SLEDAI (rSLEDAI). Serum syndecan-1 (SDC-1) and anti-dsDNA were measured using ELISA, and 24 h proteinuria was quantified. According to the rSLEDAI, 38 patients (53.5%) had LN flare, with a mean SDC-1 level of 108.5 \u00b1 69.3 ng\/mL and anti-dsDNA level of 113.1 \u00b1 148.8 IU\/mL. SDC-1 was correlated with the rSLEDAI (r = 0.32; p = 0.006), prednisone dose (r = 0.37; p = 0.002), proteinuria (r = 0.33; p = 0.005), and anti-dsDNA (r = 0.33; p = 0.006), while anti-dsDNA was positively correlated with proteinuria (r = 0.39; p = 0.001 and SDC-1 (r = 0.33; p = 0.006) and negatively correlated with age (r = \u22120.33; p = 0.006). High SDC-1 (cutoff \u2265 89 ng\/mL) had higher sensitivity for detecting renal flares than anti-dsDNA (66% vs. 45%). In the multivariable analysis, high SDC-1 levels had around a 3-fold higher risk of being associated with LN flares, independently of anti-dsDNA and complement component levels. These results support serum SDC-1 as a promising biomarker for identifying renal flares in SLE patients, and it should be combined with traditional biomarkers to increase its value as a clinical tool. Follow-up studies are required to determine its value for predicting long-term renal outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elevated Serum Soluble Syndecan-1 Is Associated with Lupus Nephritis Flares: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3471-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicte Selene","family":"Fajardo-Robledo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Farmac\u00e9utico, Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico UDG-CA-1061 \u201cFarmacolog\u00eda Traslacional\u201d, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Group for the Assessment of Prognosis Biomarkers in Autoimmune Disorders, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heriberto","family":"Jacobo-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for the Assessment of Prognosis Biomarkers in Autoimmune Disorders, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Postdoctorado en el Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda B\u00e1sica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5035-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Ponce-Guarneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for the Assessment of Prognosis Biomarkers in Autoimmune Disorders, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Farmacolog\u00eda, Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Terap\u00e9utica Experimental y Cl\u00ednica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico UDG-CA-1172 \u201cAlteraciones Inmunologicas y Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas\u201d, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soraya Amal\u00ed","family":"Zavaleta-Mu\u00f1iz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, G\u00f3mez Palacio 35050, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika Anita","family":"Aguilar-Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Medicina Familiar 2, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto Daniel","family":"Rocha-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for the Assessment of Prognosis Biomarkers in Autoimmune Disorders, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro Universitario de Tonal\u00e1, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonal\u00e1 45425, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3337-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edy David","family":"Rubio-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Farmacolog\u00eda, Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Terap\u00e9utica Experimental y Cl\u00ednica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7532-5614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Viveros-Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Farmac\u00e9utico, Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico UDG-CA-1061 \u201cFarmacolog\u00eda Traslacional\u201d, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7192-9667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Maria","family":"Olivas-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for the Assessment of Prognosis Biomarkers in Autoimmune Disorders, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Anestesiolog\u00eda, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Alexis","family":"Avalos-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Farmac\u00e9utico, Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Group for the Assessment of Prognosis Biomarkers in Autoimmune Disorders, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara 44340, 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Nephritis","volume":"11","author":"Parodis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106451","article-title":"Alterations in Peripheral Blood B Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients with Renal Insufficiency","volume":"83","author":"Wardowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roveta, A., Parodi, E.L., Brezzi, B., Tunesi, F., Zanetti, V., Merlotti, G., Francese, A., Maconi, A.G., and Quaglia, M. (2024). Lupus Nephritis from Pathogenesis to New Therapies: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168981"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renaudineau, Y., Brooks, W., and Belliere, J. (2023). Lupus Nephritis Risk Factors and Biomarkers: An Update. Int. J. Mol. 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