{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:47:38Z","timestamp":1790038058816,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["022\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department for Development of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine","award":["29\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, and curcumin\u2014a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa\u2014has shown potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of 1500 mg\/day curcumin supplementation for 12 months in 114 adults with T2DM, with assessments including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), antioxidant markers (SOD, GPx, TAS), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Curcumin supplementation was associated with significant reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines (p &lt; 0.001), hs-CRP and NLR (p &lt; 0.05), and with improved antioxidant status as shown by increased TAS, SOD, and GPx together with reduced MDA levels (p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, improvements in metabolic parameters were observed, including lower FPG (112.0 mg\/dL vs. 134.5 mg\/dL; p &lt; 0.001), HbA1c (6.10% vs. 6.40%; p &lt; 0.05), and HOMA-IR (4.88 vs. 6.71; p &lt; 0.001). Overall, the findings suggest that long-term curcumin supplementation may contribute to improved inflammatory, antioxidant, and glycemic profiles in obese individuals with T2DM; however, further multi-center studies are needed to confirm these observations and clarify their clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Curcumin Supplementation Reduces Inflammation, Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), and Antioxidant Status in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Metha","family":"Yaikwawong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6598-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanittha","family":"Kamdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somlak","family":"Chuengsamarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, February 22). Urgent Action Needed as Global Diabetes Cases Increase Four-Fold Over Past Decade. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/13-11-2024-urgent-action-needed-as-global-diabetes-cases-increase-four-fold-over-past-decades."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0294","article-title":"Relationship Among Diabetes, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease Phenotypes: A UK Biobank Cohort Study","volume":"46","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015","article-title":"A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation","volume":"37","author":"Erel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2026, February 22). IDF Diabetes Atlas, Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-014-0066-3","article-title":"The effect of turmeric (Curcumin) supplementation on cytokine and inflammatory marker responses following 2 hours of endurance cycling","volume":"12","author":"Sciberras","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6651","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45080420","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications","volume":"45","author":"Caturano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107723","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of antidiabetic drugs: A \u201cpromised land\u201d in the COVID-19 era?","volume":"34","author":"Katsiki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Its Complicat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, R., Nguyen, M.T., Allahwala, M.A., Psaltis, J.P., Marathe, C.S., Marathe, J.A., and Psaltis, P.J. (2024). Cardiovascular Protective Properties of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: More than Just Diabetic and Weight Loss Drugs. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164674"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1086-4","article-title":"Effect of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors on C-reactive protein in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2020.19","article-title":"Cardiovascular Outcomes in Trials of New Antidiabetic Drug Classes","volume":"7","author":"Lo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Card. Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scisciola, L., Cataldo, V., Taktaz, F., Fontanella, R.A., Pesapane, A., Ghosh, P., Franzese, M., Puocci, A., De Angelis, A., and Sportiello, L. (2022). Anti-inflammatory role of SGLT2 inhibitors as part of their anti-atherosclerotic activity: Data from basic science and clinical trials. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1008922"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s43162-024-00375-9","article-title":"The role of nutraceuticals in managing metabolic syndrome: A review of clinical studies","volume":"36","author":"Olalekan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289264","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/289264","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of berberine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus","volume":"2014","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.27.4.595","article-title":"Cinnamon supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Pham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pivari, F., Mingione, A., Brasacchio, C., and Soldati, L. (2019). Curcumin and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevention and Treatment. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081837"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400380","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.202400380","article-title":"Recent advances in the synthesis of diarylheptanoids","volume":"19","author":"Sudarshan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Asian J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, B.B., Surh, Y.-J., and Shishodia, S. (2007). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Curcumin. The Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46401-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3390\/nutraceuticals4040031","article-title":"Potential Applications of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic and Antioxidant Health-Promoting Properties of Curcumin: A Critical Review","volume":"4","author":"Rapti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutraceuticals"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1021\/mp700113r","article-title":"Bioavailability of curcumin: Problems and promises","volume":"4","author":"Anand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636053","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/636053","article-title":"Curcumin and diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"2013","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701495","article-title":"Curcumin suppresses IL-1\u03b2 secretion and prevents inflammation through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"200","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18081","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.18081","article-title":"Anti-hyperglycemic and insulin sensitizer effects of turmeric and its principle constituent curcumin","volume":"12","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0116","article-title":"Curcumin extract for prevention of type 2 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Chuengsamarn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.09.013","article-title":"Reduction of atherogenic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes by curcuminoid extract: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Chuengsamarn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kehinde, S.A., Qaisrani, Z.N., Pattanayaiying, R., Lay, B.B., Phyo, K.Y., Lin, W.P., San, M.M., Awaeloh, N., Aunsorn, S., and Kitkangplu, R. (2026). Clinical Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. as Nutraceutical\/Dietary Supplement for Metabolic Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Foods, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15010060"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf012","article-title":"An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of curcumin supplementation on lipid profiles","volume":"83","author":"Unhapipatpong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-02038-9","article-title":"Efficacy of curcumin\/turmeric on inflammation and oxidative stress in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Bahari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7284","article-title":"Effect of curcumin on C-reactive protein as a biomarker of systemic inflammation: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"36","author":"Gorabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117396","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3117396","article-title":"The association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2023","author":"Adane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Wang, X., Jia, W., Wang, K., Wang, W., Diao, W., Ou, F., Ma, J., and Yang, Y. (2024). Association of the systemic immuno-inflammation index, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio with diabetic microvascular complications. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1367376"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buonacera, A., Stancanelli, B., Colaci, M., and Malatino, L. (2022). Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio: An Emerging Marker of the Relationships between the Immune System and Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073636"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-024-00695-w","article-title":"Patients with high baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio exhibit better response to filgotinib as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1051\/bmdcn\/2019090423","article-title":"Curcumin reduces malondialdehyde and improves antioxidants in humans with diseased conditions: A comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakubczyk, K., Dru\u017cga, A., Katarzyna, J., and Skonieczna-\u017bydecka, K. (2020). Antioxidant Potential of Curcumin\u2014A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111092"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"116","article-title":"Curcumin Activates the Nrf2 Pathway and Induces Cellular Protection Against Oxidative Injury","volume":"20","author":"Ashrafizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahcheraghi, S.H., Salemi, F., Peirovi, N., Ayatollahi, J., Alam, W., Khan, H., and Saso, L. (2021). Nrf2 regulation by curcumin: Molecular aspects for therapeutic prospects. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010167"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0437-7","article-title":"The effect of curcumin supplementation on anthropometric indices, insulin resistance and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Hodaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153395","article-title":"Effects of curcumin supplementation on blood glucose, insulin resistance and androgens in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"80","author":"Heshmati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-011-0188-1","article-title":"New mechanisms and the anti-inflammatory role of curcumin in obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases","volume":"50","author":"Shehzad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2018.11.002","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the metabolic beneficial effect of curcumin intervention: Beyond anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.12.013","article-title":"Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders","volume":"55","author":"Rohm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). 6. Glycemic Goals and Hypoglycemia: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142025. Diabetes Care, 48, S128\u2013S145.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S006"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae034","article-title":"Effect of lipid-lowering therapies on C-reactive protein levels: A comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"120","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521000064","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and risk of CVD: A dose\u2013response meta-analysis of thirty-one prospective studies","volume":"126","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14400","article-title":"Associations between second-line glucose-lowering combination therapies with metformin and HbA1c, body weight, quality of life, hypoglycaemic events and glucose-lowering treatment intensification: The DISCOVER study","volume":"23","author":"Khunti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-019-00545-z","article-title":"Enhancing Curcumin Oral Bioavailability Through Nanoformulations","volume":"44","author":"Ipar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.21926\/obm.icm.2204057","article-title":"Review of curcumin and its different formulations: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interactions","volume":"7","author":"Goswami","year":"2022","journal-title":"OBM Integr. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1425085","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2018.1425085","article-title":"Curcumin-mediated regulation of intestinal barrier function: The mechanism underlying its beneficial effects","volume":"6","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05469","article-title":"Reductive metabolites of curcumin and their therapeutic effects","volume":"6","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20059183","article-title":"Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: How are they linked?","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2017). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142017 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clin. Diabetes, 35, 5\u201326.","DOI":"10.2337\/cd16-0067"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-012-9432-8","article-title":"Therapeutic roles of curcumin: Lessons learned from clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0310-7","article-title":"Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: A Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381251","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/381251","article-title":"Bioelectrical Impedance Methods for Noninvasive Health Monitoring: A Review","volume":"2014","author":"Bera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Rosner, B.A. (2006). Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Thomson-Brooks\/Cole."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6973.170","article-title":"Multiple significance tests: The Bonferroni method","volume":"310","author":"Bland","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3310\/hta5330","article-title":"Subgroup analyses in randomised controlled trials: Quantifying the risks of false-positives and false-negatives","volume":"5","author":"Brookes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2008.06.010","article-title":"Sample sizes required to detect interactions between two binary fixed-effects in a mixed-effects linear regression model","volume":"53","author":"Leon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/3854\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:43:05Z","timestamp":1777376585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/3854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27093854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27093854","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]}}}