{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:43:28Z","timestamp":1785545008419,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1400300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1400300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["CAAS-CSCB-202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-CSCB-202301"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009997","name":"Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["nycytx-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nycytx-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The chloroplast, a key organelle for plant immunity, is frequently targeted by viral proteins to suppress host defense. Here, we demonstrate that NSvc4, the movement protein of rice stripe virus (Tenuivirus oryzaclavatae; genus Tenuivirus), functions as a chloroplast-localized virulence effector. We show that NSvc4 enters chloroplasts and directly associates with NbPsbQ, a subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II. This interaction competitively disrupts the binding of NbPsbQ to its native partners NbPsbO and NbPsbP, thereby dampening the accumulation of chloroplast-derived reactive oxygen species (cROS) and attenuating pathogen-triggered immune signaling. Genetic knockout of NbPsbQ enhanced plant susceptibility to RSV, confirming its role as a positive regulator of antiviral defense. Our study uncovers a distinct strategy whereby a viral movement protein inhibits chloroplast-mediated immunity by targeting extrinsic subunits of the OEC. These findings expand the functional scope of viral movement proteins and highlight the OEC as a critical battleground in plant\u2013virus interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The NSvc4 Protein of Rice Stripe Virus Suppresses Chloroplast-Mediated Defense by Interacting with NbPsbQ"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongdi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7611-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianxiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5311-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.12.031","article-title":"Chloroplastic protein NRIP1 mediates innate immune receptor recognition of a viral effector","volume":"132","author":"Caplan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9613","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002759117","article-title":"Pathogen manipulation of chloroplast function triggers a light-dependent immune recognition","volume":"117","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. 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