{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:53:48Z","timestamp":1785405228850,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82071365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["82071365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071365"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["SHDC2020CR1024B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2020CR1024B"]}]},{"award":["SHDC2020CR1024B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2020CR1024B"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zrtve16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Tongji Hospital National Natural Science Foundation Cultivation Project","award":["[2023] No. 9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2023] No. 9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease affecting the axial skeleton, characterized by progressive structural damage and functional impairment. Although biologic therapies targeting tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-17 have improved clinical outcomes, a substantial proportion of patients fail to achieve sustained disease control. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic alterations may contribute to AS pathogenesis; however, systematic characterization of metabolism-related biomarkers and their regulatory networks remains limited, and the interplay between metabolic dysfunction and immune dysregulation in AS is poorly understood. Two whole-blood GEO datasets (GSE25101, GSE73754; n = 104) were integrated as the primary analytical cohort. A third dataset (GSE11886, n = 18; monocyte-derived macrophages) was included for exploratory cross-tissue analysis. Differential expression analysis identified 847 DEGs, which were refined to 16 metabolism-related genes through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and GeneCards database filtering. Eleven machine learning algorithms with 5-fold cross-validation were applied to construct diagnostic models and identify hub genes. Validation analyses included immune cell infiltration estimation using CIBERSORT, metabolic pathway activity assessment via ssGSEA, single-cell transcriptomics from GSE268839, functional enrichment through GSEA\/GSVA, and chromosomal localization analysis. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network was constructed to map post-transcriptional regulation. Natural compounds from 66 AS-treating traditional Chinese medicines were screened against hub genes using deep learning-based binding prediction. Multiple machine learning algorithms achieved comparable cross-validated performance (CV AUC range 0.741\u20130.836; top five models: 0.805\u20130.836) using the six hub genes (MFN2, SLC27A3, RHOB, SMG7, AKR1B1, LCOR) identified through SHAP-based feature importance analysis of the PLS model. Leave-one-dataset-out validation between the two whole-blood cohorts showed that all algorithms exceeded an AUC of 0.77 in Round 1 (validate: GSE73754, n = 72; best AUC 0.861), while Round 2 (validate: GSE25101, n = 32) yielded more modest performance (best AUC, 0.715) reflecting the smaller validation sample. Exploratory application to GSE11886 (macrophage-derived samples) showed near-chance performance, consistent with the tissue-source discrepancy. AS patients exhibited significant downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, and glycolysis pathways (p &lt; 0.01), accompanied by elevated glutathione metabolism (p &lt; 0.001). Immune cell deconvolution revealed reduced CD8+ T cell proportions correlating with MFN2 downregulation, and increased neutrophil frequencies correlating with SLC27A3 upregulation. Exploratory single-cell analysis indicated that RHOB expression was relatively enriched in border-associated macrophages and fibroblasts, while AKR1B1 was more prominently expressed in vascular endothelial cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. The ceRNA network identified 21 miRNAs and 65 lncRNAs forming 86 regulatory interactions, with four key regulatory axes (SATB1-AS1\/miR-539-5p\/LCOR, FAM95B1\/miR-223-3p\/RHOB, LINC01106\/miR-106a-5p\/MFN2, AATBC\/miR-185-5p\/SMG7) predicted to regulate hub gene expression. Compound screening identified betaine, pyruvic acid, citric acid, etc., as top-ranking candidates, with MFN2 showing the highest binding capacity among hub genes. This study provides an integrative framework linking metabolic reprogramming with immune dysfunction in AS. The six-gene diagnostic signature showed preliminary discriminatory ability in the available datasets, while the ceRNA regulatory network and natural compound screening results prioritize candidate regulatory pathways and compounds for future validation. These findings advance our understanding of AS pathogenesis and may guide future biomarker development and targeted intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Omics Integration Identifies a Six-Gene Diagnostic Signature for Ankylosing Spondylitis via Metabolic\u2013Immune Crosstalk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4307-972X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuejian","family":"Dan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyuan","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangjian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhourui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221035","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"80","author":"Sepriano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. 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