{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:27:11Z","timestamp":1788910031205,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota plays a multifaceted role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism \u2014acting through metabolic, immunological, and hormonal pathways that collectively constitute the gut\u2013bone axis. The microbiota influences calcium bioavailability through several overlapping mechanisms that act in the intestine. Moreover, microbial fermentation products may directly impact the osteoblast\u2013osteoclast interplay and, by modulating immune and endocrine functions, are crucial for bone metabolism. A healthy microbiota supports bone formation; however, intestinal dysbiosis may impair bone structure and function. This narrative review aims to present pathways linking the gut microbiota to bone metabolism, both in health and disease. First, we will discuss the influence of gut microbiota on calcium absorption. We will then outline the role that microbial metabolites, such as bile acids and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), play in regulating bone structure and function. In the following section, we will discuss the role of the microbiota in the immunological and hormonal modulation of bone metabolism. Finally, we will discuss how dysbiosis affects bone and how therapeutic interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, may influence bone tissue quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Gut Microbiota on Bone Metabolism\u2014Present Concepts and Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Tobo\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Orlowski Hospital, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Kury\u0142owicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Orlowski Hospital, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. 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