{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:09:03Z","timestamp":1792120143476,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81670809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["81670809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670809"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Clinical Specialty Scientific Research Project","award":["Z2023118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z2023118"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025JJ90227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ90227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024JJ9500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ9500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019JJ40320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JJ40320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019JJ40201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JJ40201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["2019JH15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JH15"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["S202412214019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202412214019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic chronic wounds (particularly diabetic foot ulcers) are difficult to heal due to factors such as high glucose levels, infection, and inflammatory imbalance. In severe cases, they can lead to tissue necrosis and amputation. Hydrogel materials, as moist wound dressings, possess high water content, biocompatibility, and tunability, making them an important platform for promoting diabetic wound healing. In recent years, novel smart hydrogels have been developed to integrate multiple functions. They respond to abnormal stimuli in the wound microenvironment\u2014such as acidic pH, high glucose levels, or excessive reactive oxygen species\u2014to trigger the release of drugs, delivering on-demand antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Simultaneously, they modulate immune responses (promoting macrophage polarization toward the M2 type) and stimulate angiogenesis, creating a microenvironment conducive to tissue regeneration. Some hydrogels incorporate antimicrobial agents, anti-biofilm components, or photothermal\/photodynamic agents to effectively eliminate drug-resistant pathogens and control infections. Others serve as carriers for delivering stem cells and their exosomes, enhancing cell survival rates and releasing growth factors to accelerate wound healing. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in hydrogel strategies for diabetic wound treatment, focusing on stimulus-responsive hydrogels, antimicrobial and immune modulation mechanisms, pro-angiogenic and oxygen-supplying therapies, smart dressings and monitoring technologies, integration of stem cells and exosomes, as well as hydrogel injection, self-healing, and adhesion properties. Based on this, we analyze challenges and prospects for clinical translation of these strategies. Collectively, functionalized hydrogels hold promise as multifunctional therapeutic platforms for diabetic non-healing wounds. They offer a multi-pronged approach to disrupt the vicious cycle of \u201cinfection\u2013inflammation\u2013tissue destruction\u201d thereby achieving more efficient wound healing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comprehensive Review of Hydrogel-Mediated Strategies for Diabetic Wound Healing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zihao","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China"},{"name":"School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengzhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Litong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8403-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China"},{"name":"School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2337\/dci23-0085","article-title":"Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2022","volume":"47","author":"Parker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100408","article-title":"Update on the impact of lipid and glucose control on diabetic wound healing","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabol. Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, P.S., Singh, M., Vinayagam, R., and Shukla, P. (2025). Therapies and delivery systems for diabetic wound care: Current insights and future directions. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1628252"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgess, J.L., Wyant, W.A., Abdo Abujamra, B., Kirsner, R.S., and Jozic, I. (2021). Diabetic Wound-Healing Science. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57101072"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkae084","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae084","article-title":"Hydrogel-based therapies for diabetic foot ulcers: Recent developments and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallanagoudra, P., MRamakrishna, S.S., Jaiswal, S., Keshava Prasanna, D., Seetharaman, R., Palaniappan, A., and Kini, S. (2025). Progressive Hydrogel Applications in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Management: Phase-Dependent Healing Strategies. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17172303"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-025-06917-z","article-title":"Poloxamer-based hydrogel with EGCG and rhEGF for diabetic foot ulcer treatment","volume":"36","author":"Se","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM01657B","article-title":"Stimulus-responsive hydrogels for diabetic wound management via microenvironment modulation","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50175","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c05852","article-title":"Near-Infrared Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Promotes Cell Migration for Accelerated Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"688","article-title":"Endogenous\/exogenous stimuli-responsive smart hydrogels for diabetic wound healing","volume":"2","author":"Khattak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aggregate"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127213","article-title":"A temperature and pH dual-responsive injectable self-healing hydrogel prepared by chitosan oligosaccharide and aldehyde hyaluronic acid for promoting diabetic foot ulcer healing","volume":"253","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2414161","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202414161","article-title":"A Tailored Hydrogel with Local Glycemia Management, Antioxidant Activity, and Photothermal Antibacterial Properties for Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.03.036","article-title":"Construction of CeO2\/Ti3C2Tx heterojunction with antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities for diabetic wound healing","volume":"689","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65165-5","article-title":"Microenvironment-responsive multifunctional enzyme-linked hydrogel for diabetic bone defect regeneration","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbac069","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac069","article-title":"Injectable reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-controlling hydrogels for tissue regeneration: Current status and future perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6326","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00728A","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS): Utilizing injectable antioxidative hydrogels and ROS-producing therapies to manage the double-edged sword","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Wang, Y., Bao, S., Yao, L., Fu, X., Yu, Y., Lyu, H., Pang, H., Guo, S., and Zhang, H. (2024). Cerium oxide nanoparticles in wound care: A review of mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1404651"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.1c01155","article-title":"Photopolymerized Zwitterionic Hydrogels with a Sustained Delivery of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle-miR146a Conjugate Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"5","author":"Stager","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03558-w","article-title":"Advanced wound healing with Stimuli-Responsive nanozymes: Mechanisms, design and applications","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.126282","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on cascade reactions: A novel strategy to promote the efficient repair of diabetic wounds","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.11.027","article-title":"A spatiotemporal release platform based on pH\/ROS stimuli-responsive hydrogel in wound repairing","volume":"341","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3946","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00363","article-title":"Multifunctional Drug- and AuNRs-Loaded ROS-Responsive Selenium-Containing Polyurethane Nanofibers for Smart Wound Healing","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"197","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide-responsive engineered polyoxalate nanoparticles for enhanced wound healing","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S363827","article-title":"Efficiency of Multifunctional Antibacterial Hydrogels for Chronic Wound Healing in Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"17","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03451-6","article-title":"Multifunctional hydrogel with mild photothermal properties enhances diabetic wound repair by targeting MRSA energy metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adnan, S.B., Maarof, M., Fauzi, M.B., and Md Fadilah, N.I. (2025). Antimicrobial Peptides in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: Dual Roles in Immunity and Microbial Defense. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26135920"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114282","article-title":"Multifunctional self-healing hydrogels for chronic wound repair: Design, mechanisms, and applications","volume":"388","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8523","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S543233","article-title":"Application of Antimicrobial Peptides in Wound Dressings","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug. Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.11.047","article-title":"Photo-controlled multifunctional hydrogel for photothermal sterilization and microenvironment amelioration of infected diabetic wounds","volume":"377","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02675-2","article-title":"A core-shell-type nanosystem promotes diabetic wound healing through Photothermal-responsive release of transforming growth factor \u03b2","volume":"22","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44968-y","article-title":"Hydrogel dressings with intrinsic antibiofilm and antioxidative dual functionalities accelerate infected diabetic wound healing","volume":"15","author":"Pranantyo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahrour, H., Ferreira, D.A., Sheridan, L., Fitzgerald-Hughes, D., O\u2019Gara, J.P., Devocelle, M., Kelly, H., and O\u2019Neill, E. (2025). Potent antimicrobial activity of hydrogel loaded with the antimicrobial peptide, D-Bac8c2,5 Leu, against monospecies and polymicrobial biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1571649"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031503","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0046682","article-title":"Functional hydrogels for diabetic wound management","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124889","article-title":"Metal ion formulations for diabetic wound healing: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"667","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1039\/D5BM00567A","article-title":"Development of a bioactive hyaluronic acid hydrogel functionalised with antimicrobial peptides for the treatment of chronic wounds","volume":"13","author":"Petit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122141","article-title":"Snail-inspired AFG\/GelMA hydrogel accelerates diabetic wound healing via inflammatory cytokines suppression and macrophage polarization","volume":"299","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.121873","article-title":"Chitosan-based hydrogel dressings for diabetic wound healing via promoting M2 macrophage-polarization","volume":"331","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.01.006","article-title":"Balancing macrophage polarization via stem cell-derived apoptotic bodies for diabetic wound healing","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2206771","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206771","article-title":"All-Natural Immunomodulatory Bioadhesive Hydrogel Promotes Angiogenesis and Diabetic Wound Healing by Regulating Macrophage Heterogeneity","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102005","article-title":"A dual-component particulate dressing for simultaneous microenvironment modulation and tissue regeneration in infected diabetic wounds","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2021.100139","article-title":"Modulation of macrophages by a paeoniflorin-loaded hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel promotes diabetic wound healing","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102474","article-title":"4\u2019-hydroxychalcone nanofiber hydrogel dressing promotes diabetic chronic wound healing by regulating macrophage polarization via the TLR\/IL-17\/TNF signaling pathway","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.02.046","article-title":"A calcitonin gene-related peptide co-crosslinked hydrogel promotes diabetic wound healing by regulating M2 macrophage polarization and angiogenesis","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, S., Liu, L., Yimingjiang, M., Lin, Z., Fu, J., Yu, S., Li, X., Yan, A., Yuan, K., and Huang, G. (2025). Self-Healing Polymeric Puerarin Hydrogel Dressing Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing Through Synergistic Immunomodulation and Tissue-Regenerative Remodeling. Bioengineering, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12040427"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.174742","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorated experimental colitis by regulating the balance of M1\/M2 macrophage polarization and the homeostasis of intestinal flora","volume":"917","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"17","article-title":"A nanoenzyme-modified hydrogel targets macrophage reprogramming-angiogenesis crosstalk to boost diabetic wound repair","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2404966","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202404966","article-title":"A Smart MMP-9-responsive Hydrogel Releasing M2 Macrophage-derived Exosomes for Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"14","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, P., Da, J., Zhao, G., Suo, F., Li, Y., Zhou, X., Li, Y., Han, Y., Zou, M., and Dou, X. (2025). Injectable Light-Responsive Hydrogel Dressing Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing by Enhancing Wound Angiogenesis and Inhibiting Inflammation. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17050607"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"144","article-title":"Lactobacillus extracellular vesicle-driven oxygen-releasing photothermal hydrogel reprograms macrophages and promotes angiogenesis to accelerate diabetic wound healing","volume":"54","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okonkwo, U.A., and DiPietro, L.A. (2017). Diabetes and Wound Angiogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071419"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3109","article-title":"Construction of heparin-based hydrogel incorporated with Cu5.4O ultrasmall nanozymes for wound healing and inflammation inhibition","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.144944","article-title":"Pro-angiogenic functionalized hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel encapsulating metformin coordinates in situ immune-inflammatory modulation for accelerating diabetic wound healing","volume":"318","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10756-x","article-title":"SDF-1\u03b1 loaded lipid liquid crystalline hydrogel accelerates diabetic wound healing in in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"15","author":"Sadri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e435","DOI":"10.1038\/am.2017.171","article-title":"Novel biomaterial strategies for controlled growth factor delivery for biomedical applications","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj0153","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj0153","article-title":"Sustained oxygenation accelerates diabetic wound healing by promoting epithelialization and angiogenesis and decreasing inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61141-1","article-title":"Dimeric copper peptide incorporated hydrogel for promoting diabetic wound healing","volume":"16","author":"Cong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2504829","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202504829","article-title":"Nanozyme-Reinforced Hydrogel Spray as a Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Oxygenator to Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.08.018","article-title":"In situ hydrogel capturing nitric oxide microbubbles accelerates the healing of diabetic foot","volume":"350","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X., Wei, Y., and Xu, K. (2025). Hydrogel-Based Treatment of Diabetic Wounds: From Smart Responsive to Smart Monitoring. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11080647"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00388","article-title":"Smart 3D Printed Auxetic Hydrogel Skin Wound Dressings","volume":"5","author":"Tsegay","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02905-7","article-title":"Smart photonic crystal hydrogels for visual glucose monitoring in diabetic wound healing","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2203233","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202203233","article-title":"Smart Dual-Sensor Wound Dressing for Monitoring Cutaneous Wounds","volume":"12","author":"Mirani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c01000","article-title":"Smart Nanofibrous Hydrogel Wound Dressings for Dynamic Infection Diagnosis and Control: Soft but Functionally Rigid","volume":"7","author":"Sen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8873","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S525172","article-title":"Polydopamine Nanoparticle-Integrated Smart Bletilla striata Polysaccharide Hydrogel: Photothermal-Triggered CO2 Release for Diabetic Wound Microenvironment Modulation","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.147846","article-title":"A multifunctional sodium alginate oxide-based hydrogel with antibacterial and anti-inflammation properties for smart monitoring and accelerated diabetic wound healing","volume":"329","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5804","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB01048H","article-title":"A smart hydrogel patch with high transparency, adhesiveness and hemostasis for all-round treatment and glucose monitoring of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115386","article-title":"Pomegranate-inspired multifunctional nanocomposite wound dressing for intelligent self-monitoring and promoting diabetic wound healing","volume":"235","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117474","article-title":"In vivo validation of a smart sensor-enabled dressing for remote wound monitoring","volume":"285","author":"Godau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkae078","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae078","article-title":"Advances of exosomes in diabetic wound healing","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03621-6","article-title":"Exo-hydrogel therapy: A revolutionary approach to managing diabetic complications","volume":"23","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400402","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202400402","article-title":"In situ forming hypoxia-induced exosome-loaded hydrogel for enhanced diabetic wound healing","volume":"310","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102159","article-title":"A sprayable exosome-loaded hydrogel with controlled release and multifunctional synergistic effects for diabetic wound healing","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47696-5","article-title":"Exosome-coated oxygen nanobubble-laden hydrogel augments intracellular delivery of exosomes for enhanced wound healing","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2466414","article-title":"Smart self-healing hydrogel wound dressings for diabetic wound treatment","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Glucose and MMP-9 dual-responsive hydrogel with temperature sensitive self-adaptive shape and controlled drug release accelerates diabetic wound healing","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94907883","DOI":"10.26599\/NR.2025.94907883","article-title":"Sequentially triggered triple-responsive hydrogels for targeted regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis in diabetic-infected wound healing","volume":"18","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02687-y","article-title":"A multifunctional injectable, self-healing, and adhesive hydrogel-based wound dressing stimulated diabetic wound healing with combined reactive oxygen species scavenging, hyperglycemia reducing, and bacteria-killing abilities","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125727","article-title":"ROS-responsive nanocomposite hydrogel dressing accelerates diabetic wound healing through modulation of the inflammatory microenvironment","volume":"678","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.04.035","article-title":"Glycopeptide-based multifunctional nanofibrous hydrogel that facilitates the healing of diabetic wounds infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"181","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawadkar, P., Lali, F., Garcia-Gareta, E., Garrido, B.G., Chaudhry, A., Matharu, P., Kyriakidis, C., and Greco, K. (2025). Innovative hydrogels in cutaneous wound healing: Current status and future perspectives. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1454903"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"726","article-title":"Latest Findings on Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Wound Dressings Applied in Diabetic Chronic Wound Repair","volume":"54","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101159","article-title":"Glucose-responsive, self-healing, wet adhesive and multi-biofunctional hydrogels for diabetic wound healing","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S448282","article-title":"Hydrogels Containing Chitosan-Modified Gold Nanoparticles Show Significant Efficacy in Healing Diabetic Wounds Infected with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, K., Yadav, V.B., Rai, M., Nath, G., Srivastava, A., Saxena, P.S., and Singh, A.V. (2026). Green-synthesized silver-alginate-ciprofloxacin hydrogel: A multifaceted therapeutic for enhanced diabetic and burn wound healing. J. Biomater. Appl.","DOI":"10.1177\/08853282261418176"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/3915\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:28:17Z","timestamp":1777523297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/3915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27093915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27093915","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]}}}