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MXene can perform this task as an electron-conducting material. In addition to trapping electrons, it also affects the defects in TiO2 near the interface. To screen for the best photocatalytic performance, three types of composites were prepared: by physical mixing, chemical deposition, and ALD. During characterization, the structural, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties were determined. Photocatalytic activity was examined in suspension (phenol conversion) and on a layer (gas phase ethanol conversion). It was found that the composite containing the lowest proportion of cocatalyst (1 wt.%) had the highest photocatalytic activity. According to the results of photocatalytic activity measured in suspension, the physical mixtures were proven to be more effective than neat TiO2, with the composites converting approximately the total amount of phenol in ~40 min, while TiO2 required ~80\u201390 min to do so under the same conditions. Thus, the electron-trapping role of MXene is clearly demonstrated in suspension applications, which is also confirmed by other characterization methods (photoluminescence, photocurrent density). TiO2 performed best during ethanol conversion, as it has the highest ethanol adsorption capacity (33.41%). During ethanol conversion tests, the MXene electron-trapping property was most effectively demonstrated in composites formed using the ALD method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T13:32:22Z","timestamp":1777469542000},"page":"3975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MXene\/TiO2 Photocatalyst: The Key Role of MXene Electron Trapping in Water and Air Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9280-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ron","family":"\u00c1goston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Szeged, Aradi v.sqr.1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich B\u00e9la sqr. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0262-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Lakatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B\u00e9la sqr. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gota","family":"De\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Szeged, Aradi v.sqr.1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerg\u0151","family":"Ballai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B\u00e9la sqr. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Solymos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Environmental Geography, University of Szeged, Egyetem Str. 2-6, H-6722 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5639-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Kocsis Sz\u00fcrke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Campus Gy\u0151r, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem sqr. 1. 303., H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2066-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Janov\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Szeged, Aradi v.sqr.1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Kukovecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B\u00e9la sqr. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9406-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"K\u00f3nya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B\u00e9la sqr. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Pap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B\u00e9la sqr. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Center 3B, Laboratory of Advance Hydrobiology and Biomonitoring, Babe\u015f-Bolyai University, Clinicilor 5-7, R-400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babe\u015f-Bolyai University, Republicii 44, R-400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11385","DOI":"10.1021\/jp412462m","article-title":"The Stability, Electronic Structure, and Optical Property of TiO2 Polymorphs","volume":"118","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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