{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:14:37Z","timestamp":1785428077445,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82260203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82260203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["82260203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82260203"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry eye disease, a multifactorial and symptomatic disease characterized by tear film instability and ocular surface dysfunction, has emerged as an increasingly pressing global health concern\u2014particularly against the backdrop of increasing digital device usage and the widespread application of virtual learning. Traditional pharmacotherapies, such as artificial tears, yield only transient symptomatic relief. Compared with pharmacological agents, surgical treatments are further restricted in clinical application, primarily because of their invasiveness, technical complexity, postoperative complications, and high costs. Consequently, the development of novel therapeutic strategies has emerged as imperative. This review summarizes advances in pharmacotherapy, including nanomedicine and biological agents, as well as emerging physiotherapies, such as photobiomodulation, thermal pulsation, and neurostimulation. These innovative therapeutic approaches address the partial limitations of conventional treatments through three main molecular mechanisms: improved drug delivery, multitargeted pharmacology, and enhanced biocompatibility. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of many innovative therapies requires large-scale clinical trials to validate clinical efficacy, optimize dosage regimens, and assess long-term safety profiles. In the future, integrating lifestyle modifications, effective clinician\u2013patient communication, and patient-centric diagnostic approaches will facilitate the establishment of therapeutic alliances and support the success of precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27094024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:20:25Z","timestamp":1777551625000},"page":"4024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Pharmacotherapy and Physiotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Future Directions\u2014A Narrative Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8185-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7662-4163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haina","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiashu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongdou","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0870-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.033","article-title":"TFOS DEWS III: Diagnostic Methodology","volume":"279","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. 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