{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:34:13Z","timestamp":1785429253581,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-R111A3071744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-R111A3071744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2020-R111A3071744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-R111A3071744"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xpa3123","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myostatin is associated with inflammatory processes; however, its renal expression and impact on mitochondrial homeostasis during chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain poorly defined. This study investigated whether omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) modulate renal myostatin and mitochondrial integrity under uremic conditions using both in vivo and in vitro models. In rats with adenine-induced CKD, omega-3 FA supplementation attenuated the increase in renal myostatin expression. Uremia was associated with impaired mitochondrial homeostasis, evidenced by decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha levels and increased dynamin-related protein 1 levels, alongside the upregulation of mitophagy and inflammatory markers. Furthermore, mitochondrial structural damage and reduced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content were observed in uremic kidneys. Omega-3 FA treatment partially reversed these alterations, restored mtDNA levels, and preserved mitochondrial cristae integrity. In vitro, HK-2 cells treated with indoxyl sulfate exhibited increases in myostatin expression and mitochondrial impairment, which were mitigated by eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or their combination. These findings suggest that omega-3 FAs exert protective effects against uremia-induced renal injury by suppressing myostatin and preserving mitochondrial homeostasis, specifically by modulating biogenesis, dynamics, and structural integrity. Consequently, omega-3 FAs may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy with which to preserve mitochondrial homeostasis in patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27094030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:32:21Z","timestamp":1777555941000},"page":"4030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Omega-3 Fatty Acids Attenuate Renal Myostatin Expression and Mitochondrial Alterations Under Uremic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6455-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu In","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumin","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Science Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Eun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3982-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seo Hee","family":"Rha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4015-0284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won Suk","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Medical Science Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.M., Han, M.Y., Kim, S.H., Cha, R.H., Kang, S.H., Kim, J.C., and An, W.S. 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