{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:03:38Z","timestamp":1777899818901,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dexamethasone induces systemic toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammation, hematological disturbances, and organ damage, particularly in the lungs and thyroid. Taurine exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but poor bioavailability limits its efficacy. Nanoparticle delivery may enhance stability and tissue targeting. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of taurine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Tau\u2013CS NPs) against dexamethasone-induced tissue injury in rats. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were allocated into control, DEXA, DEXA + silymarin, DEXA + taurine, and DEXA + Tau\u2013CS NPs groups. Tau\u2013CS NPs were characterized by TEM, UV\u2013vis, FTIR, encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading. Hematology, oxidative stress markers (CAT, SOD, GSH, MDA), thyroid hormones (T3, T4, TSH, calcitonin), protein profile, lung and thyroid histopathology, and MPO expression were assessed. Tau\u2013CS NPs showed uniform spherical morphology (11\u201360 nm), high encapsulation (98.2%), and substantial loading (50.36%). Dexamethasone caused hematological, oxidative, thyroidal, and histological disturbances. Tau\u2013CS NPs markedly restored hematological indices, antioxidant defenses, thyroid function, protein profile, and tissue architecture, outperforming free taurine and silymarin. MPO expression was significantly reduced, indicating decreased inflammation. Taurine nanoparticles effectively mitigate dexamethasone-induced systemic and organ-specific toxicity, offering improved bioavailability and targeted delivery, highlighting their therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27094072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1777630527000},"page":"4072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chitosan-Based Taurine Nanoparticles Alleviate Dexamethasone-Induced Pulmonary\u2013Thyroid Axis Dysfunction via Redox\u2013Inflammatory Signaling Modulation in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amany M.","family":"Hamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6965-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Refaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safaa S.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalia A.","family":"Elbahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasha Abdeen","family":"Refaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alia K. H.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safaa Mohammed","family":"Elmahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman E.","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany M. R.","family":"Abdel-Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 26571, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5499-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Mohamed","family":"Mahmoud Abdelfattah Elkassas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 26571, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2923-7012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed R. H.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7567-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsayed Eldeeb Mehana","family":"Hamouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 26571, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azza M. A.","family":"Abouelella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.173854","article-title":"Dexamethasone: Therapeutic potential, risks, and future projection during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"894","author":"Noreen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00500-z","article-title":"Potential Adverse Effects of Dexamethasone Therapy on COVID-19 Patients: Review and Recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"619","article-title":"Adverse effect of dexamethasone on the thyroid gland of adult male albino rat and the possible protective role of curcumin: Histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical study","volume":"46","author":"Elkelany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Histol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manful, C.F., Fordjour, E., Ikumoinein, E., Abbey, L., and Thomas, R. (2025). Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Narrative Review. BioChem, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/biochem5040035"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757154","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6757154","article-title":"Thyroid hormones, oxidative stress, and inflammation","volume":"2016","author":"Mancini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1515\/JBCPP.2007.18.2.115","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Bjelakovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Basic. Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12242","article-title":"Protective role of taurine against oxidative stress (Review)","volume":"24","author":"Baliou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surai, P.F., Earle-Payne, K., and Kidd, M.T. (2021). Taurine as a Natural Antioxidant: From Direct Antioxidant Effects to Protective Action in Various Toxicological Models. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121876"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12292","article-title":"Protective effect of taurine on sepsis-induced lung injury via inhibiting the p38\/MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"430","article-title":"Dexamethasone-loaded ROS-responsive poly(thioketal) nanoparticles suppress inflammation and oxidative stress of acute lung injury","volume":"14","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taurine: A Comprehensive Review of Its Origin, Pharmacological Properties, Potential Health Benefits, Therapeutic Applications, and Safety Profile","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"346237","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral taurine in healthy volunteers","volume":"2010","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf, A., Almotairy, A.R.Z., Henidi, H., Alshehri, O.Y., and Aldughaim, M.S. (2023). Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of the Implication of Nanoparticles\u2019 Physicochemical Properties on Responses in Biological Systems. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071596"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-025-00356-9","article-title":"New insights into Chitosan nano-carriers for RNA delivery and carbon dot imaging for cancer theranostics: Challenges and future prospects","volume":"17","author":"Mantashlou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemmingsen, L.M., \u0160kalko-Basnet, N., and J\u00f8raholmen, M.W. (2021). The expanded role of chitosan in localized antimicrobial therapy. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19120697"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanache, A., Lungu, I.I., Anton, N., Damir, D., Gutu, C., Olaru, I., Plesea Condratovici, A., Duceac, M., Constantin, M., and Calin, G. (2025). Chitosan Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17111453"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.1","article-title":"Immune regulation by glucocorticoids","volume":"17","author":"Cain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.09.007","article-title":"The biology of the glucocorticoid receptor: New signaling mechanisms in health and disease","volume":"132","author":"Oakley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01423-6","article-title":"The effects of silymarin consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Bahari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2673","article-title":"taurine: A \u201cvery essential\u201d amino acid","volume":"18","author":"Ripps","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1414-8","article-title":"Role of taurine in the pathologies of MELAS and MERRF","volume":"46","author":"Schaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, M.A., Syeda, J.T., Wasan, K.M., and Wasan, E.K. (2017). An overview of chitosan nanoparticles and its application in non-parenteral drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics9040053"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03331-0","article-title":"A narrative review and new insights into the protective effects of taurine against drug side effects","volume":"398","author":"Keshavarzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isibor, P.O. (2024). Nanochitosan Synthesis, Optimization, and Characterization. Nanochitosan-Based Enhancement of Fisheries and Aquaculture: Aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 14\u2014Life Below Water, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-52261-1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, B.W., Ford, M.L., Rogers, L.K., and Britt, R.D. (2021). Oxidative stress promotes corticosteroid insensitivity in asthma and COPD. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091335"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox4010204","article-title":"Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Surai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04513-0","article-title":"Protective effects of taurine against chemical and natural compound-induced toxicity: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential","volume":"399","author":"Keshavarzi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Moneim, A.M., Al-Kahtani, M.A., El-Kersh, M.A., and Al-Omair, M.A. (2015). Free radical-scavenging, anti-inflammatory\/anti-fibrotic and hepatoprotective actions of taurine and silymarin against CCl4 induced rat liver damage. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144509"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, A.C., Almeida, A., Freire, C.S., and Ferreira, B.L. (2025). Chitosan (Nano) formulations as Therapeutic Tools for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17212838"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macvanin, M.T., Gluvic, Z., Zafirovic, S., Gao, X., Essack, M., and Isenovic, E.R. (2022). The protective role of nutritional antioxidants against oxidative stress in thyroid disorders. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1092837"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lastra, J.M.P.d.l., Curieses Andr\u00e9s, C.M., Munguira, E.B., Juan, C.A., and P\u00e9rez Lebe\u00f1a, E. (2026). Silymarin as a Redox-Signalling and Proteostasis Modulator. Nutraceuticals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/nutraceuticals6020025"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-025-04320-9","article-title":"Nano-antioxidants for neurodegenerative disorders: A scoping review","volume":"20","author":"Talaat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(90)90049-E","article-title":"Suppressive effects of dexamethasone on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function in depressed patients","volume":"20","author":"Maes","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(75)90059-1","article-title":"Effect of dexamethasone on thyroid hormone response to TSH","volume":"24","author":"Vigneri","year":"1975","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"247","article-title":"Taurine dietary supplementation attenuates brain, thyroid, testicular disturbances and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in male rats","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"3309","article-title":"Alterations in Serum Protein Levels in Patients with Cushing\u2019s Syndrome before and after Successful Treatment","volume":"85","author":"Putignano","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.102817","article-title":"Dietary taurine supplementation can improve the growth, protein metabolism, immunity and muscle development of larval largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-01010-4","article-title":"Profiling inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers following taurine supplementation: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Faghfouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tfae120","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfae120","article-title":"Taurine exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects against pyraclostrobin exposure in rats","volume":"13","author":"Serim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2275","article-title":"Taurine chloramine inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-alpha gene expression in activated alveolar macrophages: Decreased NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB kinase activity","volume":"167","author":"Barua","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qaradakhi, T., Gadanec, L.K., McSweeney, K.R., Abraham, J.R., Apostolopoulos, V., and Zulli, A. (2020). The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Taurine on Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092847"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1361-4","article-title":"Taurine and inflammatory diseases","volume":"46","author":"Marcinkiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109715","article-title":"Taurine loaded chitosan-pectin nanoparticle shows curative effect against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats","volume":"351","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang, N.H., Le Thanh, T., Sangpueak, R., Treekoon, J., Saengchan, C., Thepbandit, W., Papathoti, N.K., Kamkaew, A., and Buensanteai, N. (2022). Chitosan Nanoparticles-Based Ionic Gelation Method: A Promising Candidate for Plant Disease Management. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14040662"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2017.24.5.11","article-title":"Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach","volume":"24","author":"Arifin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.20662","article-title":"General considerations for sample size estimation in animal study","volume":"74","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesth. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e41043","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of curcumin and its nano formulation on dexamethasone-induced hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia in Wistar rats","volume":"10","author":"Hamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2022.221660","article-title":"Comparative Study on The Hepato-Protective Effect of Carvedilol and Nebivolol in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Normotensive and Hypertensive Albino Rats","volume":"87","author":"Foli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0904-4","article-title":"Taurine protects rat testes against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress as well as p53, Fas and caspase 12-mediated apoptosis","volume":"42","author":"Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahoo, D.K., Heilmann, R.M., Paital, B., Patel, A., Yadav, V.K., Wong, D., and Jergens, A.E. (2023). Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1217165"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/4072\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:15:38Z","timestamp":1777630538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/4072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27094072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27094072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}