{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:47:25Z","timestamp":1790722045159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL155718-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL155718-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["HL155718-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL155718-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012pb6c26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005496","name":"AFPE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Gateway to Research 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gateway to Research 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005496","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Gateway to Research 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gateway to Research 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006dn3r34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists exert a multitude of beneficial cardiovascular effects beyond control of blood glucose levels and obesity reduction. GLP-1R is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), coupling to adenylyl cyclase (AC)-stimulatory Gs proteins to raise cyclic 3\u2032-5\u2032-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in cells. cAMP exerts various effects mainly via protein kinase A (PKA) and Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac). Cardiac GLP-1R has been reported to induce atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion via Epac2, while ANP is known to inhibit aldosterone secretion from adrenocortical zona glomerulosa (AZG) cells. Herein, we tested the effects of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide on ANP secretion in H9c2 cardiomyocytes and on angiotensin II (AngII)-induced aldosterone secretion. We also examined whether phosphodiesterase (PDE)-4 inhibition with roflumilast could potentiate liraglutide\u2019s effects. We found that liraglutide stimulated ANP secretion from H9c2 cardiomyocytes, an effect potentiated by roflumilast but blocked by AC inhibition. Epac inhibition with ESI-09 also significantly reduced liraglutide-dependent ANP secretion in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Moreover, application of medium from liraglutide-treated H9c2 cardiomyocytes, but not from control cardiomyocytes, led to suppression of AngII-dependent aldosterone secretion from H295R cells. This effect was blocked by cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase inhibition (an effector of ANP) in H295R cells, while direct application of liraglutide to these cells failed to suppress AngII-induced aldosterone secretion. Again, aldosterone suppression was more potent when medium from liraglutide plus roflumilast-treated cardiomyocytes was applied to H295R cells. Taken together, these results suggest that roflumilast enhances the adrenocortical aldosterone suppression induced by GLP-1R agonists via cardiac GLP-1R\/cAMP\/Epac-dependent ANP secretion. Given the cardio-toxic effects of elevated aldosterone levels in the context of various heart diseases, such as post-myocardial infarction heart failure, combination of a GLP-1R agonist drug with a PDE4 inhibitor drug may be more advantageous than either agent alone in treatment of certain cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27094098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:12:09Z","timestamp":1777857129000},"page":"4098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Roflumilast Enhances Liraglutide\u2019s Atrial Natriuretic Peptide-Dependent Suppression of Adrenal Aldosterone Secretion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ariana","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis J.","family":"M\u2019Sadoques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6175-7985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renee A.","family":"Stoicovy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria L.","family":"Altsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Raynshteyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2099-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Baggio Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giselle","family":"Del Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madyson G.","family":"Leiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9817-6319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Lymperopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diz-Chaves, Y., Mastoor, Z., Spuch, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Mat\u00edas, L.C., and Mallo, F. 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