{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:22:15Z","timestamp":1785424935517,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Institute","award":["1919B012419488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1919B012419488"]}]},{"award":["1919B012419488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1919B012419488"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04w9kkr77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing incidence of candidiasis and emergence of antifungal resistance necessitate the development of alternative antifungal strategies. In this context, the antifungal activity of the crude extract of Punica granatum L. peel (PGPE) and its chitosan nanoparticle-coated formulation (PGPE-CSNPs) was investigated against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Candida glabrata (ATCC 66032), Candida kefyr (ATCC 46764), Candida parapsilosis (ATCC 22019), and Candida tropicalis (ATCC 13803). Although the individual antimicrobial activities of PGPE and CSNPs have been investigated, their combined application against Candida spp. remains unexplored in the literature. The antifungal efficacy was evaluated using agar well diffusion, disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) testing, and compared with fluconazole and amphotericin B. The morphological characterization of PGPE-CSNPs was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which confirmed successful encapsulation and revealed a smoother surface with uniformly distributed nanometric pore structures and reduced aggregation compared to uncoated CSNPs. PGPE-CSNPs showed greater inhibition zones than amphotericin B, except against C. albicans. The CSNPs formulation reduced the MIC from 8 \u00b5g\/mL to 4 \u00b5g\/mL and the MFC from 16 \u00b5g\/mL to 8 \u00b5g\/mL, representing a two-fold enhancement against C. albicans. No enhancement in activity was observed against C. glabrata, whereas for C. kefyr, only MFC values decreased from 8 \u00b5g\/mL to 4 \u00b5g\/mL. For both C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis, MIC values reduced from 16 \u00b5g\/mL to 8 \u00b5g\/mL, and MFC values reduced from 32 \u00b5g\/mL to 16 \u00b5g\/mL for both species. PGPE-CSNPs exhibited significantly lower MIC and MFC values than the crude extract alone (p &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that chitosan-based nanocarriers may enhance the antifungal efficacy of plant-derived bioactive compounds, highlighting their potential as a promising alternative antifungal strategy, a combinatorial approach not previously reported in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27094127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:36:23Z","timestamp":1778052983000},"page":"4127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antifungal Activity of Punica granatum L. Peel Extract and Chitosan Nanoparticle-Coated Formulation Against Candida Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6126-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazim","family":"Sahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53020, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2407-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sena","family":"Sahin Aktura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53020, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilkay","family":"Bahceci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53020, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6544-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derya","family":"Bal Altuntas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muharrem Mert","family":"Otegeceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53020, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klepacka, J., Zakrzewska, Z., Czoga\u0142a, M., Wojtaszek-G\u0142\u00f3wka, M., Krzysztofik, E., Czoga\u0142a, W., and Skocze\u0144, S. (2022). Fungal Infection Testing in Pediatric Intensive Care Units\u2014A Single Center Experience. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031716"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., and Sobel, J. (2021). Fungal Infections, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, Elsevier Health Sciences.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(21)00027-1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.113669","article-title":"Fungal infections in intensive care unit: Challenges in diagnosis and management","volume":"3","author":"Bajwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1923","article-title":"Emerging fungal pathogens\u2014A major threat to human life","volume":"8","author":"Harsha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx444","article-title":"Changes in the epidemiological land- scape of invasive candidiasis","volume":"73","author":"Lamoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"CDC (2022). COVID-19: U.S. Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance, Special Report 2022, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i6.1267","article-title":"Flare of the silent pandemic in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: Obstacles and opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Rayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10.1128","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.FUNK-0002-2016","article-title":"Antifungal Drugs: The Current Armamentarium and Development of New Agents","volume":"4","author":"Robbins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap7999","article-title":"Worldwide emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs challenges human health and food security","volume":"360","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2636","article-title":"Growth of Candida albicans hyphae","volume":"9","author":"Sudbery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-023-01263-5","article-title":"Morphogenic plasticity: The pathogenic attribute of Candida albicans","volume":"69","author":"Prasad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"WHO (2022). Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240060241."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6594366","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6594366","article-title":"Antifungal Drug Susceptibility Profile of Candida kefyr Isolated from Clinical Samples and Dairy Products","volume":"2024","author":"Zareshahrabadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00096-14","article-title":"Target Enzyme Mutations Confer Differential Echinocandin Susceptibilities in Candida kefyr","volume":"58","author":"Staab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30316-X","article-title":"The global problem of antifungal resistance: Prevalence, mechanisms, and management","volume":"12","author":"Perlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04926-x","article-title":"Antifungal tolerance is a subpopulation effect distinct from resistance and is associated with persistent candidemia","volume":"9","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a, A.M.S., Monteiro, C.A., Moraes-Neto, R.N., Monteiro, A.S., Mondego-Oliveira, R., Nascimento, C.E.C., da Silva, L.C.N., Lima-Neto, L.G., Carvalho, R.C., and de Sousa, E.M. (2022). Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Punica granatum and Its Galloyl-HHDP-Glucose Compound, Alone or in Combination with Fluconazole, Have Antifungal and Antivirulence Properties against Candida spp. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020265"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-967167","article-title":"Punica granatum L.\u2019den Elde Edilen Tanin A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Zengin Fraksiyonlar\u0131n, Ellagitanninlerin ve Fenolik Asitlerin Antioksidan, S\u0131tma \u00d6nleyici ve Antimikrobiyal Aktiviteleri","volume":"73","author":"Reddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43302","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c07756","article-title":"Harnessing Nature\u2019s Toolbox: Naturally Derived Bioactive Compounds in Nanotechnology Enhanced Formulations","volume":"9","author":"Sanjai","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148984","article-title":"Chitosan as a potential biocontrol agent of plant pathogens and its multiple acting mechanisms: A review","volume":"334","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalagatur, N.K., Nirmal Ghosh, O.S., Sundararaj, N., and Mudili, V. (2018). Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Encapsulated with Cymbopogon martinii Essential Oil on Plant Pathogenic Fungi Fusarium graminearum. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00610"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.11.048","article-title":"Miconazole loaded chitosan-based nanoparticles for local treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis fungal infections","volume":"174","author":"Amaral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx155","article-title":"Development, characterization, and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of polymeric nanoparticles containing miconazole and farnesol for treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"57","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19970103)63:1<125::AID-APP13>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers","volume":"63","author":"Calvo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70482-7","article-title":"Fungicidal versus fungistatic activity of terbinafine and itraconazole: An in vitro comparison","volume":"38","author":"Hazen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2123325","article-title":"Distribution and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species from mainland China: A systematic analysis","volume":"13","author":"Bilal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-06","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: A persistent public health problem","volume":"20","author":"Pfaller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S445","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix131","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Candida: Epidemiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Treatment","volume":"216","author":"Arendrup","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3400291","article-title":"Antifungal Therapy: New and Evolving Therapies","volume":"41","author":"Nivoix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.1.209","article-title":"Resistance to amphotericin B does not emerge during treatment for invasive aspergillosis","volume":"49","author":"Moosa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-005-1955-9","article-title":"Amphotericin B","volume":"68","author":"Lemke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01\/1981 to 09\/2019","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.09.006","article-title":"Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer","volume":"109","author":"Lansky","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2003.08.005","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of common fruits as determined by FRAP assay","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foss, S.R., Nakamura, C.V., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Cortez, D.A.G., Endo, E.H., and Dias Filho, B.P. (2014). Antifungal activity of pomegranate peel extract and isolated compound punicalagin against dermatophytes. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-014-0032-6"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Punica granatum peel extracts against oral pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Abdollahzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rongai, D., Pulcini, P., Di Lernia, G., Nota, P., Preka, P., and Milano, F. (2019). Punicalagin content and antifungal activity of different pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) genotypes. Horticulturae, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae5030052"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahin, K., Sahin Aktura, S., Bahceci, I., Yazici, Z.A., Oskay, B., Ejder, N., Yurteri, E., and Bal Altuntas, D. (2025). Chitosan Coating Enhances the Antimicrobial Activity of Punica granatum L. Phenolic Compounds. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15121878"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahin, K., Sahin Aktura, S., Bahceci, I., Mercantepe, T., Tumkaya, L., Topcu, A., Mercantepe, F., Duran, O.F., Uydu, H.A., and Yazici, Z.A. (2025). Is Punica granatum Efficient Against Sepsis? A Comparative Study of Amifostine Versus Pomegranate. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15010078"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahin Aktura, S., Sahin, K., Tumkaya, L., Mercantepe, T., Topcu, A., Pinarbas, E., and Yazici, Z.A. (2024). The Nephroprotective Effect of Punica granatum Peel Extract on LPS-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14101316"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Abril, P.A., L\u00f3pez-Meneses, A.K., Lizardi-Mendoza, J., Plascencia-Jatomea, M., and Luque-Alcaraz, A.G. (2024). Cellular Internalization and Toxicity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Nobiletin in Eukaryotic Cell Models (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans). Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17071525"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26841-0","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with ribavirin, carboplatin, and thyme oil downregulate SNQ2, ERG11, CDR1, and MDR1 in Candida strains","volume":"15","author":"Aghaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"973","article-title":"Effects of Thymus daenensis Essential Oil-loaded chitosan Nanoparticles on BCR1 Gene Expression in Candida Parapsilosis","volume":"79","author":"Hadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alghuthaymi, M.A. (2025). Antifungal Nanocomposites from Honeybee Chitosan and Royal Jelly-Mediated Nanosilver for Suppressing Biofilm and Hyphal Formation of Candida albicans. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17141916"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitali, A., Stringaro, A., Colone, M., Muntiu, A., and Angiolella, L. (2021). Antifungal Carvacrol Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010011"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidova, S., Galabov, A.S., and Satchanska, G. (2024). Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral Activity, and Mechanisms of Action of Plant Polyphenols. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122502"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00069-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00069-19","article-title":"Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: Current Approaches","volume":"33","author":"Berkow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-02829-3","article-title":"Exploring the Biofilm Inhibition Potential of a Novel Phytic Acid-Crosslinked Chitosan Nanoparticle: In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations","volume":"25","author":"Nayak","year":"2024","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10094","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules170910094","article-title":"Activity of spray-dried microparticles containing pomegranate peel extract against Candida albicans","volume":"17","author":"Endo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.085","article-title":"Improving the antifungal activity of clove essential oil encapsulated by chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"275","author":"Hasheminejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01393-x","article-title":"Antifungal application of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles with pomegranate peels and nanochitosan as edible coatings for citrus green mold protection","volume":"20","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9667","article-title":"Bioactive coatings from nano-biopolymers\/plant extract composites for complete protection from mycotoxigenic fungi in dates","volume":"99","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e65187","article-title":"An Antimicrobial Fabric Using Nano-Herbal Encapsulation of Essential Oils","volume":"194","author":"Subair","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.02.022","article-title":"Biological activities of selected polyphenol-rich fruits related to immunity and gastrointestinal health","volume":"15","author":"Denev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"EUCAST (2024, January 01). European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Broth Microdilution\u2014EUCAST Reading Guide v 4.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/4127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:40:42Z","timestamp":1778053242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/9\/4127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27094127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27094127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]}}}