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This study compared differential markers of MASLD pathogenesis in rats using two distinct dietary models: a choline-deficient high-fat diet (HFD-CD) and a cholesterol-enriched high-fat diet (HFD+CHOL). Male Wistar rats were fed either a control AIN93M diet, HFD-CD (40% fat, 20% fructose, and choline deficiency), or HFD+CHOL (40% fat, 20% fructose, and 1% cholesterol) for 56 days. Comprehensive assessment included phenotypic, biochemical, hematological, histomorphological parameters, oxidative stress markers, hepatocyte apoptosis, cytokine levels, and hepatic gene expression. HFD-CD induced steatosis with moderate insulin resistance, increased malondialdehyde levels, and suppressed Acaca, Scd and ChREBP gene expression. In contrast, HFD+CHOL caused macrovesicular steatosis, inflammation, early fibrosis, atherogenic dyslipidemia, intrahepatic cholesterol accumulation, hepatocyte apoptosis, upregulated Srebf1, Cyp7a1, and Nfkb1 expression, and activated Nrf2-dependent antioxidant responses. HFD-CD and HFD+CHOL induce two pathogenetically distinct MASLD phenotypes. The HFD-CD model, characterized by steatosis and oxidative stress without pronounced inflammation or fibrosis, is preferable for studying the preventive potential of bioactive food compounds. Conversely, the HFD+CHOL model with inflammatory and fibrotic components is more suitable for evaluating therapeutic agents aimed at mitigating inflammation, restoring cholesterol homeostasis, and attenuating fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:49:09Z","timestamp":1778572149000},"page":"4230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Models of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Comparative Analysis of a Choline-Deficient and Cholesterol-Enriched Diet in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-8735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Shipelin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-6002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita A.","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita V.","family":"Trusov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2168-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliya S.","family":"Sidorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2631-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia M.","family":"Markova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakhar A.","family":"Chalyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton D.","family":"Konev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8559-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiya S.","family":"Balakina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003","article-title":"A Multisociety Delphi Consensus Statement on New Fatty Liver Disease Nomenclature","volume":"79","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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