{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T02:52:09Z","timestamp":1788576729974,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key contributor to cognitive impairment, directly affecting neuronal viability, synaptic function, and energy metabolism. In the central nervous system, where energy demand is particularly high, disturbances in mitochondrial dynamics, including impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and reduced ATP availability, can compromise synaptic transmission and accelerate cognitive decline. These alterations are commonly observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s (AD) and Parkinson\u2019s (PD), in which mitochondrial dysfunction is closely associated with oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory processes. This review aims to investigate the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in cognitive impairment and the effects of physical exercise as a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate these alterations. Current evidence indicates that exercise promotes mitochondrial biogenesis through activation of the AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway, enhances oxidative metabolism, and improves mitochondrial efficiency. Furthermore, exercise reduces oxidative stress and inflammation while stimulating the release of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor which support neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal survival. Overall, these findings reinforce the importance of mitochondrial integrity in maintaining cognitive function and highlight physical exercise as a promising strategy to counteract mitochondrial dysfunction and delay the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:26:37Z","timestamp":1778689597000},"page":"4337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Physical Exercise Counteracts Impaired Cognition by Improving Mitochondrial Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Maciel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Barbalho","family":"Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, School of Gerontology, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos 13565-905, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano Cressoni","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo F. B.","family":"Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elen Landgraf","family":"Guiguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Mar\u00edlia (FATEC), Mar\u00edlia 17500-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Curi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania Cristina","family":"Pithon-Curi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Cristina da Silva","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, School of Philosophy and Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Marilia 17525-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1tia C. Portero","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute for Kidney and Endocrine Disorders, Lufkin, TX 75904, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance A.","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute for Kidney and Endocrine Disorders, Lufkin, TX 75904, USA"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Luiza Decanini Miranda de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio J.","family":"Rubira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudemir G.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia Gabaldi","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7477-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor E.","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systematic Reviews Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, School of Philosophy and Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Mar\u00edlia 17525-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Barbalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Mar\u00edlia (FATEC), Mar\u00edlia 17500-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"UNIMAR Charity Hospital, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105971","article-title":"Mitochondrial transplantation in brain disorders: Achievements, methods, and challenges","volume":"169","author":"Riou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buck, A.C., Maarman, G.J., Dube, A., and Bardien, S. (2025). Mitochondria targeted nanoparticles for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction-associated brain disorders. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1563701"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-01338","article-title":"Systematic review of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in aging: A focus on neuromuscular junctions","volume":"21","author":"Chai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-25-00144","article-title":"Metabolic breakdown: Linking insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Lanzillotta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szablewski, L. (2025). Human Glucose Transporters in Health and Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157392"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2024.2306427","article-title":"Brain energetics and glucose transport in metabolic diseases: Role in neurodegeneration","volume":"27","author":"Ortega","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14283","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.14283","article-title":"Understanding glucose metabolism and insulin action at the blood\u2013brain barrier: Implications for brain health and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"241","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08740-6","article-title":"A human brain map of mitochondrial respiratory capacity and diversity","volume":"641","author":"Mosharov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.008","article-title":"Two views of brain function","volume":"14","author":"Raichle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-02106","article-title":"Mitochondrial therapeutics and mitochondrial transfer for neurodegenerative diseases and aging","volume":"20","author":"Ng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201312123","article-title":"Mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring in neurons: New insight and implications","volume":"204","author":"Sheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcad356","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad356","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders: A review of reactive oxygen species and prevention by antioxidants","volume":"6","author":"Houldsworth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.231","article-title":"The energy use associated with neural computation in the cerebellum","volume":"30","author":"Howarth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"01","article-title":"Correction of Mitochondrial Dysfunction of the Brain in Ischemia","volume":"9","author":"Fliuryk","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gen. Med. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.035","article-title":"A Cellular Perspective on Brain Energy Metabolism and Functional Imaging","volume":"86","author":"Magistretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201803152","article-title":"Fueling thought: Management of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in neuronal metabolism","volume":"217","author":"Yellen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn4845","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn4845","article-title":"Antagonism of \u03b2-arrestins in IL-4\u2013driven microglia reactivity via the Samd4\/mTOR\/OXPHOS axis in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.06.011","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in glial cells: Implications for neuronal homeostasis and survival","volume":"391","author":"Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10625","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.22.10625","article-title":"Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: A mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization","volume":"91","author":"Pellerin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01170-4","article-title":"Glial Glutamate Transporters Mediate a Functional Metabolic Crosstalk between Neurons and Astrocytes in the Mouse Developing Cortex","volume":"37","author":"Bonvento","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116728","article-title":"Brain glucose metabolism: Role of nitric oxide","volume":"232","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.24.388","article-title":"Brain energy homeostasis: The evolution of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.08.019","article-title":"Synaptic Energy Use and Supply","volume":"75","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3430-11.2012","article-title":"The energetics of CNS white matter","volume":"32","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shichkova, P., Coggan, J.S., Markram, H., and Keller, D. (2024). Brain metabolism in health and neurodegeneration: The iinterplay among neurons and astrocytes. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13201714"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faria-Pereira, A., and Morais, V.A. (2022). Synapses: The Brain\u2019s Energy-Demanding Sites. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073627"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cser\u00e9p, C., P\u00f3sfai, B., Schwarcz, A.D., and D\u00e9nes, \u00c1. (2018). Mitochondrial Ultrastructure Is Coupled to Synaptic Performance at Axonal Release Sites. eNeuro, 5.","DOI":"10.1101\/216093"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-00289-0","article-title":"The cross-talk of energy sensing and mitochondrial anchoring sustains synaptic efficacy by maintaining presynaptic metabolism","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.34024\/rnc.2001.v9.8921","article-title":"Doen\u00e7as Mitocondriais","volume":"9","author":"Nasseh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Neuroci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.06.052","article-title":"The role of mitochondria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"710","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2012-0198","article-title":"Integration of cellular bioenergetics with mitochondrial quality control and autophagy","volume":"393","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-02936-y","article-title":"Paranodal instability driven by axonal mitochondrial accumulation in ischemic demyelination and cognitive decline","volume":"30","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.39","article-title":"Synaptic dysfunction, memory deficits and hippocampal atrophy due to ablation of mitochondrial fission in adult forebrain neurons","volume":"23","author":"Oettinghaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-024-01776-1","article-title":"Mitochondria-localized MBD2c facilitates mtDNA transcription and drug resistance","volume":"21","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0921-0","article-title":"Neurodegeneration as a consequence of failed mitochondrial maintenance","volume":"123","author":"Karbowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.01.003","article-title":"Transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis and its interface with inflammatory processes","volume":"1820","author":"Piantadosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0902-3","article-title":"Parkin, PINK1 and mitochondrial integrity: Emerging concepts of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"123","author":"Pilsl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102667","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment: Key drivers in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"104","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407574","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202407574","article-title":"Extracellular Mitochondrial-Derived Vesicles Affect the Progression of Diabetic Foot Ulcer by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07390-w","article-title":"Irisin regulates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through the UCP2-AMPK pathway in prion diseases","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.08.029","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA methylation: State-of-the-art in molecular mechanisms and disease implications","volume":"83","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2025-0086","article-title":"Implications of the mitochondrial CB1 receptor in the brain: From mitochondrial dysfunction to neuroprotection","volume":"37","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-026-01684-z","article-title":"Repurposing Imeglimin for Chemotherapy-Induced Cognitive Impairment: Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation","volume":"46","author":"Kondaveeti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02253-4","article-title":"Mitochondria in oxidative stress, inflammation and aging: From mechanisms to therapeutic advances","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, D.M., Archer, S.L., and Dunham-Snary, K.J. (2025). Preclinical models of mitochondrial dysfunction: mtDNA and nuclear-encoded regulators in diverse pathologies. Front. Aging, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2025.1585508"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Revi Shanker, P., and Dorajoo, R. (2026). Molecular Mechanisms of Accelerated Ageing in Geriatric Depression: Interplay of Telomere Attrition, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cellular Senescence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031613"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7308","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv429","article-title":"Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 protects against mutant huntingtin-induced abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and neuronal damage in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Manczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170051","article-title":"Mitochondria-Division Inhibitor 1 Protects Against Amyloid-\u03b2 induced Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Synaptic Damage in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"58","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00175-9","article-title":"Friedreich\u2019s ataxia\u2014A rare multisystem disease","volume":"24","author":"Reetz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46030130","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Key Player in Brain Aging and Diseases","volume":"46","author":"Bartman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.042","article-title":"Activity-driven local ATP synthesis is required for synaptic function","volume":"156","author":"Rangaraju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160702","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Synaptic Transmission Failure in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fornari Laurindo, L., Fornari Laurindo, L., Dogani Rodrigues, V., da Silva Camarinha Oliveira, J., Leme Boaro, B., Cressoni Ara\u00fajo, A., Landgraf Guiguer, E., Rucco Penteado Detregiachi, C., Maria Cavallari Strozze Catharin, V., and Federighi Baisi Chagas, E. (2025). Evaluating the effects of seed oils on lipid profile, inflammatory and oxidative markers, and glycemic control of diabetic and dyslipidemic patients: A systematic review of clinical studies. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1502815"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2025.108688","article-title":"The impact of exercise on cardiovascular parameters in postmenopausal women: A narrative review","volume":"201","author":"Valenti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teleanu, D.M., Niculescu, A.G., Lungu, I.I., Radu, C.I., Vlad\u00e2cenco, O., Roza, E., Cost\u0103chescu, B., Grumezescu, A.M., and Teleanu, R.I. (2022). An Overview of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115938"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2015.24.4.325","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049478","article-title":"Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"552","author":"Turrens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tauil, R.B., Golono, P.T., de Lima, E.P., de Alvares Goulart, R., Guiguer, E.L., Bechara, M.D., Nicolau, C.C.T., Yanaguizawa Junior, J.L., Fiorini, A.M.R., and M\u00e9ndez-S\u00e1nchez, N. (2024). Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: The Influence of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Mitochondrial Dysfunctions, and the Role of Polyphenols. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17101354"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03432-w","article-title":"Exploring the benefits of astaxanthin as a functional food ingredient: Its effects on oxidative stress and reproductive outcomes in women with PCOS\u2014A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"398","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2013","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release","volume":"94","author":"Zorov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70045","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.70045","article-title":"Complex Interplay of Metabolic Substrates, Points of Entry into the Mitochondrial Electron Chain, and ROS Generation: A critical analysis of \u201cActive control of mitochondrial network morphology by metabolism-driven redox state\u201d by Singh et al. and studies replacing ETC components with yeast counterparts","volume":"47","author":"Speijer","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428010","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/428010","article-title":"Mechanism of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration","volume":"2012","author":"Gandhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Lima, E.P., Moretti, R.C., Torres Pomini, K., Laurindo, L.F., Sloan, K.P., Sloan, L.A., Castro, M.V.M., Baldi, E., Ferraz, B.F.R., and de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira, E. (2024). Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, Metainflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cardiovascular Diseases: Unraveling Pathways. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13070519"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valotto Neto, L.J., Reverete de Araujo, M., Moretti Junior, R.C., Mendes Machado, N., Joshi, R.K., Dos Santos Buglio, D., Barbalho Lamas, C., Direito, R., Fornari Laurindo, L., and Tanaka, M. (2024). Investigating the Neuroprotective and Cognitive-Enhancing Effects of Bacopa monnieri: A Systematic Review Focused on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Apoptosis. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040393"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-025-01116-4","article-title":"Neuroimmune, metabolic and oxidative stress pathways in major depressive disorder","volume":"21","author":"Maes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01388-6","article-title":"Glutathione reductase modulates endogenous oxidative stress and affects growth and virulence in Avibacterium paragallinarum","volume":"56","author":"Zhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217697","article-title":"Glutathione metabolism in ferroptosis and cancer therapy","volume":"621","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u013cavi\u0146a, L., and Edelmers, E. (2025). Oxidative Stress Modulation and Glutathione System Response During a 10-Day Multi-Stressor Field Training. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10020166"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.05897.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as determinants of ischemic neuronal death and survival","volume":"109","author":"Niizuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labb\u00e9, P., Thorin, E., and Thorin-Trescases, N. (2025). The Dual Role of NOX4 in Cardiovascular Diseases: Driver of Oxidative Stress and Mediator of Adaptive Remodeling. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14091137"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118581","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in chemobrain: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, D., Qi, W., and Long, M. (2025). Curcumin Can Inhibit Zearalenone-Induced Ferroptosis in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells via the p53\/SLC7A11\/GPX4 Pathway. Toxics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13090713"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, \u0141., Mierzejewska, \u017b.A., Borys, J., Ratajczak-Wrona, W., and Antonowicz, B. (2025). Oxidative Stress and Biomarkers in Craniofacial Fractures Healing: From Lipid Peroxidation to Antioxidant Therapies. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14091070"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccardi, V., Mancinetti, F., and Mecocci, P. (2025). Oxidative Stress, Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Metabolic Perspective. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.1256.v1"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, F., Hou, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Yi, X., and Xia, N. (2025). Photothermal and Photodynamic Strategies for Diagnosis and Therapy of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by Modulating Amyloid-\u03b2 Aggregation. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15080480"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780179","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/780179","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction: Different routes to Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy","volume":"2014","author":"Picone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, B., He, J., Li, S., Wang, Q., Feng, W., Yu, X., Jia, Y., Liu, S., Jiao, D., and Xie, L. (2025). NLRX1 orchestrates neuronal mitophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A mechanistic exploration. Neurol. Res., 1\u201314. Erratum in Neurol. Res.\u00a02025, i\u2013ii. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01616412.2025.2566230.","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2025.2566230"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Kukreti, R., Saso, L., and Kukreti, S. (2019). Oxidative Stress: A Key Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081583"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123823","article-title":"Laser-generated singlet oxygen is protective against beta-amyloid neurotoxicity","volume":"378","author":"Stelmashchuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2021.119116","article-title":"Tau phosphorylation and OPA1 proteolysis are unrelated events: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"1868","author":"Alavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Et. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240035","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.240035","article-title":"Beyond amyloid and tau: Rethinking Alzheimer\u2019s disease through less explored avenues","volume":"14","author":"Gyimesi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Zhang, J., Deng, Q., and Chen, X. (2024). Mitophagy-associated programmed neuronal death and neuroinflammation. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1460286"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2021.100972","article-title":"Neuronal autophagy and mitophagy in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"82","author":"Lizama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jetto, C.T., Nambiar, A., and Manjithaya, R. (2022). Mitophagy and Neurodegeneration: Between the Knowns and the Unknowns. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.837337"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27292","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein-Related Mitochondria-Nrf2 Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Olfactory Mucosa","volume":"98","author":"Maftei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123378","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein targeted therapy with multiple pathological improvement for Parkinson\u2019s disease by macrocyclic amphiphile nanomedicine","volume":"322","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9457","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CS00544B","article-title":"Mechanism of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity associated with heme and copper-A\u03b2 relevant to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Dey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Vasanth, S., Mishra, R., Sahoo, S., Parveen, S., Khan, Z., and Pal, R. (2025). Advancing Mitochondrial Health in Huntington Disease (HD): Small Molecule Therapies and Neurodegeneration. Curr. Aging Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02327-4","article-title":"Downregulating expression of OPTN elevates neuroinflammation via AIM2 inflammasome- and RIPK1-activating mechanisms in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice","volume":"18","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.4c00811","article-title":"The Huntingtin Transport Complex","volume":"64","author":"Prowse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2025.153118","article-title":"Changpu Yujin Tang mitigates tourette syndrome by enhancing mitophagy and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis","volume":"230","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Gao, Q., Li, T., Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Fan, M., Qian, H., Li, Y., and Wang, L. (2025). Protective Mechanism of Broad Bean Extract on Parkinson\u2019s Disease Model Cells. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14183244"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120647","article-title":"Essential oil of Saposhnikovia divaricata mitigates Cutibacterium acnes-induced inflammatory acne via Nrf2 pathway activation and NF-\u03baB pathway inhibition","volume":"355","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13114","article-title":"Exercise activates lysosomal function in the brain through AMPK-SIRT1-TFEB pathway","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.09.025","article-title":"DJ-1\/PARK7 in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Mechanisms of pathogenesis and therapeutic potential","volume":"587","author":"Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220628153632","article-title":"Mitophagy and Neuroinflammation: A Compelling Interplay","volume":"21","author":"Charmpilas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8661200","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8661200","article-title":"The Mechanism of TNF-\u03b1-Mediated Accumulation of Phosphorylated Tau Protein and Its Modulation by Propofol in Primary Mouse Hippocampal Neurons: Role of Mitophagy, NLRP3, and p62\/Keap1\/Nrf2 Pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142334","article-title":"Mitochondrial lysates induce inflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease-relevant changes in microglial and neuronal cells","volume":"45","author":"Wilkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nigro, E., Argentino, F., Musumeci, G., and Daniele, A. (2025). Orexin and Lifestyle Habits: A Meaningful Connection Among Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Sleep Pattern in Health and Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188980"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merino, M., Tornero-Aguilera, J.F., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C.V., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J. (2024). Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12141396"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez, L., Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I., Belinch\u00f3n-deMiguel, P., Ramos-Campo, D.J., Curiel-Regueros, A., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2024). The Interplay of Sports and Nutrition in Neurological Health and Recovery. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13072065"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burtscher, J., Millet, G.P., Place, N., Kayser, B., and Zanou, N. (2021). The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126479"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-95-0066-6_18","article-title":"HIT Your Brain: Neuron and New Run","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaberi, S., and Fahnestock, M. (2023). Mechanisms of the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.0210.v1"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Belinch\u00f3n-deMiguel, P., Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2024). Impact of Physical Activity on Cellular Metabolism Across Both Neurodegenerative and General Neurological Conditions: A Narrative Review. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231940"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1076\/apab.104.2.129.12878","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle in response to endurance exercises","volume":"104","author":"Freyssenet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-95-0066-6_8","article-title":"Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Mediating Effects of Exercise on Brain Function","volume":"44","author":"Moon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y.C. (2025). Dual roles of mTOR in skeletal muscle adaptation: Coordinating hypertrophic and mitochondrial biogenesis pathways for exercise-induced chronic disease management. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1635219"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2204750120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204750120","article-title":"Exercise preserves physical fitness during aging through AMPK and mitochondrial dynamics","volume":"120","author":"Campos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Sun, H., Banah, A.K., Weng, X., Dayalan Naidu, S., Kisielewski, D., Ang, A., Hayes, J.D., Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., and Kang, L. (2025). Genetic Deletion of RHAMM Alleviates Hepatic Oxidative Stress, Reversing Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Elevation in Male Obese Mice. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14181448"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"10299","article-title":"The Nuclear-Encoded Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit COX4-1 Enhances Hypoxia Tolerance in Glioblastoma Cells","volume":"10","author":"Oliva","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0092","article-title":"Exercise, Mitohormesis, and Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-C (MOTS-c)","volume":"46","author":"Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5640","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-025-00549-3","article-title":"Mammalian mitohormesis: From mitochondrial stressors to organismal benefits","volume":"44","author":"Gunawan","year":"2025","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, F.S., Lim, G.H., Bee, Y.M., Lee, P.C., Tai, Y.K., Franco-Obreg\u00f3n, A., and Tan, H.C. (2025). Investigating the Metabolic Benefits of Magnetic Mitohormesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186413"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003825","article-title":"Repeated Heat Stress Modulates the Levels of the Mitokines MOTS-C and FGF21 in Active Men during Calf Muscle Immobilization","volume":"57","author":"Elhusseiny","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03526-2","article-title":"MOTS-c mimics exercise to combat diabetic liver fibrosis by targeting Keap1-Nrf2-Smad2\/3","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.12.038","article-title":"Endurance training enhances skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration by promoting MOTS-c secretion","volume":"227","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vints, W.A.J., Levin, O., Fujiyama, H., Verbunt, J., and Masiulis, N. (2022). Exerkines and long-term synaptic potentiation: Mechanisms of exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 66.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2022.100993"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02751-9","article-title":"Exercise orchestrates systemic metabolic and neuroimmune homeostasis via the brain-muscle-liver axis to slow down aging and neurodegeneration: A narrative review","volume":"30","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Razo, L.D., Rivero-Segura, N.A., Almeida-Aguirre, E.K.P., Mancilla-Herrera, I., Rinc\u00f3n-Heredia, R., Mart\u00ednez-Ibarra, A., and Cerb\u00f3n, M. (2025). Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Disrupts Mitochondrial Function, Dynamics and Biogenesis in Human Trophoblast Cells at Human Exposure Range Concentrations. Toxics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13090770"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Xu, C., Zhu, R., Fu, P., Jia, J., and Gong, L. (2025). Exercise Improves the Cytoskeletal and Metabolic Functions of Brown Adipocytes Through the ADR\u03b23\/COX2-Ywhah Axis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26072978"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Zhang, S., Deng, G., He, G., Yuan, Y., Fu, Y., Liu, Y., Gong, Z., Kong, L., and Zheng, C. (2025). Brown adipose tissue-derived extracellular vesicles regulate hepatocyte mitochondrial activity to alleviate high-fat diet-induced jawbone osteoporosis in mice. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1583408"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb250373","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.250373","article-title":"When size matters: Energy allocation and thermogenic mechanisms in very small mammals, African pygmy mice","volume":"228","author":"Herpe","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12896","article-title":"Effects of combined training on nonshivering thermogenic activity of muscles in individuals with overweight and type 2 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Finardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00565.2022","article-title":"The role of exerkines on brain mitochondria: A mini-review","volume":"134","author":"Heo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00375.2022","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance and cognitive function: Influence of exercise","volume":"133","author":"Malin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278853","article-title":"Exercise and mitochondrial health","volume":"599","author":"Memme","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146301","article-title":"Voluntary exercise delays progressive deterioration of markers of metabolism and behavior in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1720","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J., Wang, C., Zhang, H., Huang, J., Xie, J., and Chen, N. (2021). Exercise-Induced Benefits for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by Stimulating Mitophagy and Improving Mitochondrial Function. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.755665"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00641-1","article-title":"Intense exercise increases dopamine transporter and neuromelanin concentrations in the substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Hoye","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20957807","article-title":"Benefits of exercise training on cerebrovascular and cognitive function in ageing","volume":"41","author":"Bliss","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2023.07.003","article-title":"Exercised blood plasma promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in the Alzheimer\u2019s disease rat brain","volume":"13","author":"Norevik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sport. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38025","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038025","article-title":"Summary of the effect of an exercise intervention on elderly with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.002","article-title":"The effectiveness of physical exercise on cognitive and psychological outcomes in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.01.019","article-title":"A Multicomponent Exercise Intervention that Reverses Frailty and Improves Cognition, Emotion, and Social Networking in the Community-Dwelling Frail Elderly: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"17","author":"Cabo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3517","article-title":"Effect of High-Intensity Treadmill Exercise on Motor Symptoms in Patients With De Novo Parkinson Disease: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"75","author":"Schenkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ademoyegun, A.B., Awotidebe, T.O., Odetunde, M.O., Inaolaji, S.O., Bakare, S.O., Azeez, F.W., and Olayemi, O. (2025). Effects of very early exercise on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in patients with ischaemic stroke- a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04132-5"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2024.100678","article-title":"Associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, p-tau181, and cognition in healthy older adults with memory complaints: A secondary analysis from the MAPT","volume":"6","author":"Raffin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250096","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.0096","article-title":"Physical Activity, Alzheimer Plasma Biomarkers, and Cognition","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00636.2023","article-title":"Effects of variation in exercise training load on cognitive performances and neurotrophic biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"137","author":"Boidin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01316-8","article-title":"Effects of a 6-month dual-task, power-based exercise program on cognitive function, neurological and inflammatory markers in older adults: Secondary analysis of a cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Tait","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13830","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13830","article-title":"Enhancing Neurocognitive Health via Activity, Nutrition and Cognitive Exercise (ENHANCE): A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3rna, S., Podg\u00f3rski, T., Kleka, P., and Domaszewska, K. (2025). Effects of Different Intensities of Endurance Training on Neurotrophin Levels and Functional and Cognitive Outcomes in Post-Ischaemic Stroke Adults: A Randomised Clinical Trial. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062810"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70029","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70029","article-title":"The Impact of Exercise Capacity on Complex Neuromuscular Adaptations: A Narrative Review Based on a Rat Model System Selectively Bred for Low and High Response to Training","volume":"15","author":"Guzzoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.02.009","article-title":"Enhanced Protein Translation Underlies Improved Metabolic and Physical Adaptations to Different Exercise Training Modes in Young and Old Humans","volume":"25","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhao, W., and Yang, Q. (2025). Effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on mitochondrial dynamics in human skeletal muscle. Front. Physiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1554222"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156361","article-title":"Exercise training increases skeletal muscle sphingomyelinases and affects mitochondrial quality control in men with type 2 diabetes","volume":"172","author":"Hendlinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrego-Guandique, D.M., Aguilera Rojas, N.M., Chiari, A., Luciani, F., Cione, E., and Cannataro, R. (2025). The impact of exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Biomol. Concepts, 16.","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2025-0055"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05594-w","article-title":"PGC-1 alpha overexpression in the skeletal muscle results in a metabolically active microbiome which is independent of redox signaling","volume":"15","author":"Koltai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00872.2024","article-title":"PoWeR elicits intracellular signaling, mitochondrial adaptations, and hypertrophy in multiple muscles consistent with endurance and resistance exercise training","volume":"138","author":"Elliehausen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70815","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202500240R","article-title":"Aldehyde Oxidase 1 Deficiency Enhances Aerobic Exercise Performance by Promoting Skeletal Muscle Adaptation and Improving Mitochondrial Function","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Sigdel, S., Sawant, H., Bihl, J., and Wang, J. (2024). Exercise-Intervened Endothelial Progenitor Cell Exosomes Protect N2a Cells by Improving Mitochondrial Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021148"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-024-09957-3","article-title":"Exercise training alleviates neuronal apoptosis and re-establishes mitochondrial quality control after cerebral ischemia by increasing SIRT3 expression","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4337\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:35:03Z","timestamp":1778841303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27104337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27104337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]}}}