{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:27:59Z","timestamp":1785414479913,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32370915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32370915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32171114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32370915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32370915"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32171114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171114"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The supply of amino acids is essential to embryo survival and successful pregnancy. The accumulating evidence indicates that arginine, a semi-essential amino acid, plays a key role during early pregnancy. Arginase (ARG2) is a key enzyme for catalyzing arginine into ornithine and urea. However, the expression, regulation, and role of arginase during early mouse pregnancy are still unknown. In our study, ARG1 immunofluorescence is mainly detected in uterine epithelium and gradually decreases from days 1 to 5 of pregnancy. From days 1 to 4 of pregnancy, there is no detectable ARG2 immunofluorescence in the mouse uterus. On day 5 of pregnancy, ARG2 signals are strongly seen in the primary decidua surrounding the implanting blastocyst at the implantation site, but not at the inter-implantation site. There is a temporary increase for ARG2 levels under mouse in vitro decidualization, suggesting ARG2 may be involved in the initiation of mouse decidualization. Prl8a2, a marker of mouse in vitro decidualization, is significantly decreased after ARG levels are suppressed. However, Arg2 overexpression obviously increases Prl8a2 levels. Mouse in vitro decidualization is downregulated by arginine and ornithine but stimulated by a low dose of urea. Urea has a beneficial effect on uterine receptivity and antioxidative enzymes. Our results indicate that ARG2 plays an important role during mouse decidualization by balancing the levels of arginine, ornithine, and urea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:27:56Z","timestamp":1778776076000},"page":"4354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Expression and Function of Arginase in Mouse Uterus During Early Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zai-Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountain Region, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-Man","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountain Region, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Na","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountain Region, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountain Region, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6016-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeng-Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountain Region, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.12.011","article-title":"Physiological and Molecular Determinants of Embryo Implantation","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa054","article-title":"Embryo Implantation in the Laboratory: An Update on Current Techniques","volume":"27","author":"Ojosnegros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.F., Zhu, Q.L., and Sun, Y. (2025). Glucose Metabolism and Endometrium Decidualization. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1546335"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.197202","article-title":"Transient {beta}2-Adrenoceptor Activation Confers Pregnancy Loss by Disrupting Embryo Spacing at Implantation","volume":"286","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12737","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12737","article-title":"ATP Mediates the Interaction between Human Blastocyst and Endometrium","volume":"53","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0942-y","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Arginine Supplementation on Reproductive Performance of Mice with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection","volume":"42","author":"Ren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0234-y","article-title":"Amino Acid Requirements in Humans: With a Special Emphasis on the Metabolic Availability of Amino Acids","volume":"37","author":"Elango","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodis, J., Farkas, B., Nagy, B., Kovacs, K., and Sulyok, E. (2022). The Role of L-Arginine-NO System in Female Reproduction: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314908"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E195","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2446","article-title":"Impacts of Amino Acid Nutrition on Pregnancy Outcome in Pigs: Mechanisms and Implications for Swine Production","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.105957","article-title":"Lactating Porcine Mammary Tissue Catabolizes Branched-Chain Amino Acids for Glutamine and Aspartate Synthesis","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod61.3.731","article-title":"Temporal and Differential Effects of Amino Acids on Bovine Embryo Development in Culture","volume":"61","author":"Steeves","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.300168","article-title":"Tumor-Associated Macrophages as a Paradigm of Macrophage Plasticity, Diversity, and Polarization: Lessons and Open Questions","volume":"33","author":"Mantovani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.154823","article-title":"Dietary L-Arginine Supplementation during Gestation in Mice Enhances Reproductive Performance and Vegfr2 Transcription Activity in the Fetoplacental Unit","volume":"142","author":"Greene","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74180-8_6","article-title":"Arginine, Agmatine, and Polyamines: Key Regulators of Conceptus Development in Mammals","volume":"1332","author":"Halloran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, X., Shang, L., Li, Y.S., Cao, Y., and Shi, F. (2026). Arginine Transporters in Human Cancers: Emerging Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Biomolecules, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16010132"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-248757","article-title":"Functional Role of Arginine during the Peri-Implantation Period of Pregnancy. I. Consequences of Loss of Function of Arginine Transporter SLC7A1 mRNA in Ovine Conceptus Trophectoderm","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaf192","article-title":"Uterine Histotroph and Conceptus Development. IV. Metabolomic Analyses of Uterine Luminal Fluid Reveals Regulatory Landscapes during the Peri-Implantation Period of Pregnancy in Pigs\u2020","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-12-0254","article-title":"Arginine Enhances Embryo Implantation in Rats through PI3K\/PKB\/mTOR\/NO Signaling Pathway during Early Pregnancy","volume":"145","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00037.2016","article-title":"Arginase: A Multifaceted Enzyme Important in Health and Disease","volume":"98","author":"Caldwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112840","article-title":"Arginase: An Emerging and Promising Therapeutic Target for Cancer Treatment","volume":"149","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(95)02138-8","article-title":"Comparative Properties of Arginases","volume":"114","author":"Jenkinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.03.006","article-title":"Arginase: An Old Enzyme with New Tricks","volume":"36","author":"Caldwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E75","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.280.1.E75","article-title":"Regulatory Role of Arginase I and II in Nitric Oxide, Polyamine, and Proline Syntheses in Endothelial Cells","volume":"280","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.304262","article-title":"OxLDL Triggers Retrograde Translocation of Arginase2 in Aortic Endothelial Cells via ROCK and Mitochondrial Processing Peptidase","volume":"115","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21419","article-title":"Arginase Inhibitors: A Rational Approach Over One Century","volume":"37","author":"Pudlo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-0012","article-title":"Polyamines on the Reproductive Landscape","volume":"32","author":"Palin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, B., Wang, X., An, X.G., Ji, C.M., Ling, W.K., Qi, Y.X., Li, S., and Jiang, D.M. (2023). Polyamines in Ovarian Aging and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015330"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00498-8","article-title":"Polyamine Metabolite Spermidine Rejuvenates Oocyte Quality by Enhancing Mitophagy during Female Reproductive Aging","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"75","article-title":"Augmentation of Arginase II Expression in the Human Endometrial Epithelium in the Secretory Phase","volume":"59","author":"Tajima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, I.H., Choi, I., Kim, S., Kwon, M., Choi, H., and Bae, H. (2025). Immunomodulatory Peptide-Drug Conjugate MEL-dKLA Suppresses Progression of Prostate Cancer by Eliminating M2-like Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1652166"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moschetti, G., Oliveri, D., De Matteis, V., Zaccaria, M., Rondelli, D., Griego, A., Scarpa, E., and Rizzello, L. (2025). A Critical Guideline for Controlling Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Phenotypes. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1694625"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-019-0429-z","article-title":"Uterine Deficiency of High-Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) Protein Causes Implantation Defects and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Aikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-012-9529-3","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Arginase Inhibitor and Corticosteroid on Airway Allergic Reactions in a Dermatophogoides Farinae-Induced NC\/Nga Mouse Model","volume":"36","author":"Ogino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115804","article-title":"Interplay between Estrogen, Kynurenine, and AHR Pathways: An Immunosuppressive Axis with Therapeutic Potential for Breast Cancer Treatment","volume":"217","author":"Pacheco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.09.002","article-title":"Decreased PIBF1\/IL6\/p-STAT3 during the Mid-Secretory Phase Inhibits Human Endometrial Stromal Cell Proliferation and Decidualization","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2247747","article-title":"The Presence of Blastocyst within the Uteri Facilitates Lumenal Epithelium Transformation for Implantation via Upregulating Lysosome Proteostasis Activity","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaf198","article-title":"Mechanisms Driving Resistance to Oxidative Stress during Endometrial Stromal Cell Decidualization\u2020","volume":"114","author":"Thapa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2024.02.004","article-title":"GPX3 Supports Ovarian Cancer Tumor Progression in Vivo and Promotes Expression of GDF15","volume":"185","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05935","article-title":"Protective and Therapeutic Role for alphaB-Crystallin in Autoimmune Demyelination","volume":"448","author":"Ousman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y.Q., Yang, X.F., Wang, L., Gao, K.G., and Jiang, Z.Y. (2019). L-Arginine Inhibited Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress Induced by Lipopolysaccharide via Arginase-1 Signaling in IPEC-J2 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071800"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.3.811-813.2001","article-title":"Generation of a Mouse Model for Arginase II Deficiency by Targeted Disruption of the Arginase II Gene","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002032","article-title":"L-Arginine and Arginase Products Potentiate Dexmedetomidine-Induced Contractions in the Rat Aorta","volume":"128","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/15910199211025107","article-title":"L-Arginine Reduces Downstream Vascular Contractility after Flow-Diverting Device Deployment: A Preliminary Study in a Rabbit Model","volume":"28","author":"Khashim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56352","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202256352","article-title":"Arginase 1 and L-Arginine Coordinate Fetal Lung Development and the Initiation of Labor in Mice","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-282798","article-title":"Uterine Inactivation of Muscle Segment Homeobox (Msx) Genes Alters Epithelial Cell Junction Proteins during Embryo Implantation","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151180898","article-title":"Dual Control of LIF Expression and LIF Receptor Function Regulate Stat3 Activation at the Onset of Uterine Receptivity and Embryo Implantation","volume":"98","author":"Cheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60083","article-title":"STAT3 Regulates Arginase-I in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells from Cancer Patients","volume":"123","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.8.1421","article-title":"Dietary Arginine Supplementation during Early Pregnancy Enhances Embryonic Survival in Rats","volume":"138","author":"Zeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-013-1515-z","article-title":"Impacts of Arginine Nutrition on Embryonic and Fetal Development in Mammals","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.121350","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation with 0.8% L-Arginine between Days 0 and 25 of Gestation Reduces Litter Size in Gilts","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1541","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00068.2010","article-title":"Hypoxic Upregulation of Arginase II in Human Lung Endothelial Cells","volume":"299","author":"Krotova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI98931","article-title":"HIF2\u03b1 in the Uterine Stroma Permits Embryo Invasion and Luminal Epithelium Detachment","volume":"128","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"189","article-title":"Regulation of Mucin Expression: Mechanistic Aspects and Implications for Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"1765","author":"Andrianifahanana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.3.1047","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Responses of the Uterus to Embryo Implantation Can Be Elicited by Locally Applied Growth Factors","volume":"98","author":"Paria","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12690","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12690","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inhibited DUSP2 Expression Promotes IL-6\/STAT3 Signaling in Endometriosis","volume":"78","author":"Hsiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14225","article-title":"Exogenous L-Arginine Administration Improves Uterine Vascular Perfusion, Uteroplacental Thickness, Steroid Concentrations and Nitric Oxide Levels in Pregnant Buffaloes under Subtropical Conditions","volume":"57","author":"Samir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim. Zuchthyg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0042","article-title":"Differential Expression and Regulation of Cryab in Mouse Uterus during Preimplantation Period","volume":"145","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.02.043","article-title":"Differential Expression and Anti-Oxidant Function of Glutathione Peroxidase 3 in Mouse Uterus during Decidualization","volume":"588","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.05.045","article-title":"Crystallin \u03b1B Acts as a Molecular Guard in Mouse Decidualization: Regulation and Function during Early Pregnancy","volume":"588","author":"Zuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0530162100","article-title":"Estrogen Is a Critical Determinant That Specifies the Duration of the Window of Uterine Receptivity for Implantation","volume":"100","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Chen, S.T., He, Y.Y., Li, B., Yang, C., Yang, Z.S., and Yang, Z.M. (2023). The Regulation and Function of Acetylated High-Mobility Group Box 1 during Implantation and Decidualization. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1024706"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14303","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14303","article-title":"The Activation of cGAS-STING Pathway Causes Abnormal Uterine Receptivity in Aged Mice","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18643-w","article-title":"The High Concentration of Progesterone Is Harmful for Endometrial Receptivity and Decidualization","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H.N., Yang, H.Y., Wang, Z.M., Luo, J.M., Zhang, T.T., and Yang, Z.M. (2025). Excessive Progesterone Impairs Mouse Decidualization via the Kyn-AhR Pathway. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1622998"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/gye.15.6.426.432","article-title":"Messenger Ribonucleic Acid for the Mouse Decidual Prolactin Is Present and Induced during in Vitro Decidualization of Endometrial Stromal Cells","volume":"15","author":"Kimura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.Y., Luo, H.N., Wang, Z.M., Jin, D.D., and Yang, Z.M. (2025). Effects of Acrylamide on Mouse Implantation and Decidualization. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094129"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118950","article-title":"Safety of Ferrite Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Cyto- and Genotoxic Effects of MxFe3-xO4 (M = Fe, Zn, Mn) in an Advanced 3D Human Hepatic in Vitro Model","volume":"195","author":"Rozman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137596","article-title":"Engineered Tantalum Sulfide Nanosheets for Effective Acute Liver Injury Treatment by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation","volume":"693","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2402299","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202402299","article-title":"Embryo-Derived Cathepsin B Promotes Implantation and Decidualization by Activating Pyroptosis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:16:20Z","timestamp":1778904980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27104354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27104354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]}}}