{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:09:07Z","timestamp":1785409747147,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2015\/19\/B\/ST4\/02725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/19\/B\/ST4\/02725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2015\/19\/B\/ST4\/02725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/19\/B\/ST4\/02725"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The FASD continuum encompasses facial dysmorphism, growth failure, and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities\/dysfunctions. Because some of these features may not be apparent in newborns, detecting PAE in the neonatal period is challenging, while early diagnosis may improve neurodevelopmental outcomes. Maternal self-reported alcohol consumption is limited by recall bias and denial, leading to misdiagnosis. Currently, there is a lack of universally implemented and standardized tools for identifying PAE\/FASD in children across clinical settings. We aimed to review the existing literature on PAE assessment methods. Analysis of alcohol metabolites in neonatal meconium is the most widely studied and appears to be feasible for routine use, but it has some limitations. Recent advances in understanding the effects of alcohol on neurotransmitters, growth factors, and gene activity have contributed to the development of novel diagnostic strategies and have brought us closer to effective PAE detection. Some laboratory assays appear to be feasible for implementation in routine clinical practice, i.e., testing for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL): IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1(IGF1). These molecular approaches hold promise but require replication and validation before becoming the standard in clinical practice. Further research on biomarkers and other screening tools should continue to determine their feasibility and availability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:27:56Z","timestamp":1778776076000},"page":"4357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does a Biochemical Approach Facilitate the Diagnosis of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Neonatal Period?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Iwona","family":"Ja\u0144czewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Wiergowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23 Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Wierzba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences with the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7 Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Cicho\u0144-Kotek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Haematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7 Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3879-729X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz Kacper","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23 Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Biziuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11\/12 Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IOM (Institute of Medicine\u2014IOM of the National Academy of Science) (1996). 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