{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:10:21Z","timestamp":1787011821370,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002569","name":"Wonkwang University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006776986","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the gastroprotective effects of Salvia plebeia extract (SPE) against acute gastric mucosal injury induced by 150 mM HCl\/60% ethanol in rats and explored its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. SPE exhibited strong in vitro antioxidant activity, with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates of 86.2 \u00b1 2.4% and 89.1 \u00b1 1.9%, respectively, along with a high total polyphenol content (96.4 \u00b1 3.1 mg gallic acid equivalents\/g extract). In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, SPE attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory signaling, as evidenced by reduced TLR4 and JNK expression and restoration of I\u03baB\u03b1 levels. In vivo, oral administration of SPE (100 or 300 mg\/kg) 1 h prior to HCl\/ethanol challenge significantly reduced gastric lesion area and improved histopathological damage compared with the HCl\/ethanol-treated control group. SPE also increased gastric pH, reduced gastric juice volume, decreased serum levels of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6, and downregulated gastric mucosal mRNA expression of Nos2 and Ptgs2. Immunohistochemical analysis further showed that SPE attenuated NF-\u03baB p65 immunoreactivity in gastric tissues. Collectively, these findings suggest that SPE exerts gastroprotective effects through antioxidant activity and suppression of inflammatory responses associated with the MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway in acute HCl\/ethanol-induced gastric injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:27:56Z","timestamp":1778776076000},"page":"4358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gastroprotective Effects of Salvia plebeia via Antioxidant and MAPK\/NF-\u03baB-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms in Ethanol\/HCl-Induced Gastric Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8375-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-seong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nain Healthcare Co., Ltd., 3, Seodong-ro 20-gil, Iksan 54613, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunju","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju 55338, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6452-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-A","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Resources Development, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90604-X","article-title":"Studies on the Mechanism of Ethanol-Induced Gastric Damage in Rats","volume":"94","author":"Oates","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, C., Hartl, S., Kolb, D., Leitinger, G., and Roblegg, E. 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