{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T05:08:57Z","timestamp":1779426537095,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic resonance techniques have evolved beyond conventional proton-based imaging, enabling access to a broader range of nuclei that provide complementary structural, functional, and molecular information. This review presents a comprehensive overview of multinuclear NMR and MRI in solid and soft materials as well as in biomedical applications, with particular emphasis on 1H, 13C, 31P, 23Na, and 19F nuclei. Proton-based methods remain the foundation of magnetic resonance due to their high sensitivity and widespread applicability, offering insights into molecular mobility, hydration, and microstructural heterogeneity. In contrast, heteronuclear approaches enable more specific characterization of chemical structure (13C), phosphorus-containing functional groups and membranes (31P), ionic homeostasis and transport (23Na), and exogenous tracers with negligible biological background (19F). Together, these techniques extend magnetic resonance from primarily anatomical imaging toward functional, metabolic, and molecular-level analysis. The review further discusses key hardware aspects, including magnetic field strength and radiofrequency coil design, highlighting the trade-offs between low- and high-field systems and the growing importance of multinuclear coil architectures. For example, because 1H, 23Na, 31P, and 19F resonate at different Larmor frequencies, multinuclear experiments require dedicated or multi-tuned RF coils that balance sensitivity, field homogeneity, and decoupling between channels. Mechanisms of contrast generation are examined in detail, distinguishing between endogenous sources\u2014such as water, ions, and metabolites\u2014and exogenous contrast agents, including gadolinium-, manganese-, and fluorine-based compounds, as well as targeted and theranostic platforms. A comparative framework of endogenous and exogenous signals is presented, emphasizing their complementary roles in balancing safety, specificity, and sensitivity. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of multinuclear magnetic resonance are critically evaluated, including limitations in sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, data interpretation in heterogeneous systems, and technical complexity. Emerging directions such as ultrahigh-field imaging, advanced RF technologies, hyperpolarization, and artificial intelligence-assisted reconstruction are discussed as key drivers for future development. Overall, multinuclear NMR and MRI represent a powerful and expanding toolbox for probing complex material and biological systems, with the potential to significantly enhance diagnostic capabilities and deepen our understanding of structure\u2013function relationships across multiple scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:27:56Z","timestamp":1778776076000},"page":"4384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multinuclear NMR and MRI Beyond Proton Imaging: Principles, Contrast Mechanisms, and Applications in Materials and Biomedicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Bartusik-Aebisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6851-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Dynarowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Smolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rostyslav","family":"Marunych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wies\u0142aw","family":"Guz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00197","article-title":"Ultrafast Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Advances in Methodology and Applications","volume":"123","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssnmr.2024.101923","article-title":"Double Rotation (DOR) NMR Spectroscopy: Progress and Perspectives","volume":"130","author":"Bryce","year":"2024","journal-title":"Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2023.11.001","article-title":"Advanced Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and Its Applications in Zeolite Chemistry","volume":"140\u2013141","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200558","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202200558","article-title":"Exploring the Potential of Multinuclear Solid-State NMR (1H, 13C and 35Cl) to Characterize Static and Dynamic Disorder in Pharmaceutical Hydrochlorides","volume":"24","author":"Szell","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40130-2","article-title":"SHARPER-DOSY: Enhanced Sensitivity and Diffusion-Ordered NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Peat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5832","DOI":"10.1039\/D4AN01029A","article-title":"Rapid Lung Ventilation MRI Using Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization of Propane Gas","volume":"149","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-024-01167-6","article-title":"Quantitative 23Na MRI of the Abdomen at 3 T","volume":"37","author":"Birchall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-025-01254-2","article-title":"Hadamard Radial Encoding 19F MRI","volume":"38","author":"Fischer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.09.001","article-title":"19F-Nanoparticles: A Platform for In Vivo Delivery of Fluorinated Biomaterials for 19F MRI","volume":"338","author":"Mali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., An, L., and Yang, S. (2022). Small-Molecule Fe(III) Complexes as MRI Contrast Agents. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144573"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4715","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4715","article-title":"A Review of Diamagnetic CEST MRI Contrast Agents","volume":"36","author":"Longo","year":"2023","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50445","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c10272","article-title":"Recent Advances in Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications","volume":"14","author":"Bunzen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14874","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c03937","article-title":"Optically Enhanced Solid-State 1H NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"145","author":"Hope","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-025-01851-1","article-title":"Direct detection of SABRE-SHEATH hyperpolarization and spin-lattice relaxation of [1-13C]pyruvate","volume":"9","author":"Myers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14411","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c00784","article-title":"Rapid Acquisition of 103Rh Solid-State NMR Spectra by 31P Detection and Sideband Selective Methods","volume":"147","author":"Atterberry","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadp2533","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp2533","article-title":"Directly monitoring the dynamic in vivo metabolisms of hyperpolarized 13C-oligopeptides","volume":"10","author":"Kondo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-024-01744-2","article-title":"T1 relaxation: Chemo-physical fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging and clinical applications","volume":"15","author":"Gaeta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29430","article-title":"Microscopic theory of spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation of bound protons in cellular and myelin membranes-A lateral diffusion model (LDM)","volume":"89","author":"Sukstanskii","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4416","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4416","article-title":"Rapid MR relaxometry using deep learning: An overview of current techniques and emerging trends","volume":"35","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5453","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.4c00262","article-title":"Biexponential I = 3\/2 Spin-Lattice Relaxation in the Solid State: Multiple-Quantum 7Li NMR as a Probe of Fast Ion Dynamics","volume":"128","author":"Wimperis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C Nanomater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70125","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70125","article-title":"Comparison of Low-Rank Denoising Methods for Dynamic Deuterium MRSI at 7\u2009T","volume":"38","author":"Duguid","year":"2025","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2022.107335","article-title":"Chemical shift variations in common metabolites","volume":"345","author":"Bhinderwala","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondrashova, S.A., Polyancev, F.M., and Latypov, S.K. (2022). DFT Calculations of 31P NMR Chemical Shifts in Palladium Complexes. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092668"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31811","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA04688E","article-title":"DFT approach towards accurate prediction of 1H\/13C NMR chemical shifts for dipterocarpol oxime","volume":"13","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202207316","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202207316","article-title":"High-Field NMR, Reactivity, and DFT Modeling Reveal the \u03b3-Al2O3 Surface Hydroxyl Network","volume":"61","author":"Merle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.2c00326","article-title":"Chemical Shift of Solvated Hydride Ion: Comparative Study with Solvated Fluoride Ion","volume":"126","author":"Imamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200416","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202200416","article-title":"Synthetic Approaches to Break the Chemical Shift Degeneracy of Glycans","volume":"23","author":"Fittolani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.3c00786","article-title":"Paramagnetic Effects in NMR Spectroscopy of Transition-Metal Complexes: Principles and Chemical Concepts","volume":"57","author":"Novotny","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5294","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.5294","article-title":"Motion and magnetic field inhomogeneity correction techniques for chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI: A contemporary review","volume":"38","author":"Simegn","year":"2025","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9386","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.2c00578","article-title":"Quadrupolar Isotope-Correlation Spectroscopy in Solid-State NMR","volume":"126","author":"Wolf","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C Nanomater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08292","article-title":"43Ca MAS-DNP NMR of Frozen Solutions for the Investigation of Calcium Ion Complexation","volume":"9","author":"Georges","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7021","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.2c05154","article-title":"Solid-State NMR 19F-1H-15N Correlation Experiments for Resonance Assignment and Distance Measurements of Multifluorinated Proteins","volume":"126","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70012","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70012","article-title":"Interleaved Whole Brain 23Na-MRI and 31P-MRSI Acquisitions at 7 Tesla","volume":"38","author":"Shams","year":"2025","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202201490","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202201490","article-title":"Harnessing Water to Enhance Quadrupolar NMR Spectroscopy and Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Martinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackowski, K., and Wilczek, M. (2024). Measurements of Nuclear Magnetic Shielding in Molecules. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29112617"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackowski, K., and S\u0142owi\u0144ski, M.A. (2023). Searching for the Best Values of NMR Shielding and Spin-Spin Coupling Parameters: CH4-nFn Series of Molecules as the Example. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031499"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadlecek, S., Friedlander, Y., and Virgincar, R.S. (2022). Preclinical MRI Using Hyperpolarized 129Xe. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238338"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22126","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202015200","article-title":"Enabling Clinical Technologies for Hyperpolarized 129Xenon Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy","volume":"60","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batarchuk, V., Shepelytskyi, Y., Grynko, V., Kovacs, A.H., Hodgson, A., Rodriguez, K., Aldossary, R., Talwar, T., Hasselbrink, C., and Ruset, I.C. (2024). Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (HyperCEST) Molecular Imaging: Achievements and Future Challenges. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031939"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2022.107343","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of carbon dioxide capture","volume":"346","author":"Pugh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CC05942A","article-title":"Unravelling the structure of CO2 in silica adsorbents: An NMR and computational perspective","volume":"60","author":"Sardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8764","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c00281","article-title":"Assessing CO2 Capture in Porous Sorbents via Solid-State NMR-Assisted Adsorption Techniques","volume":"145","author":"Ilkaeva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-022-04218-6","article-title":"New Perspectives for Evaluating the Mass Transport in Porous Catalysts and Unfolding Macro- and Microkinetics","volume":"153","author":"Wild","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28737","article-title":"Removal of off-resonance xenon gas artifacts in pulmonary gas-transfer MRI","volume":"86","author":"Willmering","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duchowny, A., Denninger, J., Lohmann, L., Theis, T., Lehmkuhl, S., and Adams, A. (2023). SABRE Hyperpolarization with up to 200 bar Parahydrogen in Standard and Quickly Removable Solvents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032465"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2022.01.001","article-title":"Mechanistic analysis by NMR spectroscopy: A users guide","volume":"129","author":"Boaler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultrafast 2D NMR for the analysis of complex mixtures","volume":"130\u2013131","author":"Lhoste","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reason. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13855","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CC05053F","article-title":"NMR methods for the analysis of mixtures","volume":"58","author":"Dumez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110718","article-title":"High-field and benchtop NMR spectroscopy for the characterization of new psychoactive substances","volume":"321","author":"Ladroue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2025.106855","article-title":"Bench-top NMR of water signals: A non-destructive tool for biomacromolecule characterization","volume":"239","author":"Ura","year":"2026","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2021.07.001","article-title":"Ultrafast methods for relaxation and diffusion","volume":"126\u2013127","author":"Telkki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reason. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300268","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202300268","article-title":"Broadband NMR Relaxometry as a Powerful Technique to Study Molecular Dynamics of Ionic Liquids","volume":"24","author":"Fraenza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemphyschem"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becher, M., Lichtinger, A., Minikejew, R., Vogel, M., and R\u00f6ssler, E.A. (2022). NMR Relaxometry Accessing the Relaxation Spectrum in Molecular Glass Formers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095118"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, M.F., and Hedstrom, L. (2022). High Resolution 31P Field Cycling NMR Reveals Unsuspected Features of Enzyme-Substrate-Cofactor Dynamics. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.865519"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphyschemau.4c00042","article-title":"Ultrafast Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Tool to Detect Rapid Chemical Change in Solution","volume":"4","author":"Tickner","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Phys. Chem. Au"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.5356","article-title":"Present and future of pure shift NMR in metabolomics","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pure shift NMR","volume":"86\u201387","author":"Zangger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reason. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202401012","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202401012","article-title":"NMR Pure Shift Spectroscopy and Its Potential Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry","volume":"26","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2025.101575","article-title":"Machine learning in NMR spectroscopy","volume":"148\u2013149","author":"Klukowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reason. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwac155","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac155","article-title":"Recent advances in solid-state NMR of zeolite catalysts","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.7b00082","article-title":"Proton-Based Ultrafast Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foran, G., Verdier, N., Lepage, D., Malveau, C., Dupr\u00e9, N., and Doll\u00e9, M. (2021). Use of Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Molecular Structure and Dynamics in Solid Polymer and Hybrid Electrolytes. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13081207"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4803","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4803","article-title":"Resolution in cryogenic solid state NMR: Challenges and solutions","volume":"33","author":"Sergeyev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphyschemau.3c00019","article-title":"Structure Determination and Refinement of Paramagnetic Materials by Solid-State NMR","volume":"3","author":"Koppe","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Phys. Chem. Au"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panich, A. (2025). Two Approaches to Solid-State NMR of Mobile Molecules in Nanoporous Materials. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30173603"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toke, O. (2023). Three Decades of REDOR in Protein Science: A Solid-State NMR Technique for Distance Measurement and Spectral Editing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713637"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC07965E","article-title":"Highly efficient heteronuclear polarization transfer using dipolar-echo edited R-symmetry sequences in solid-state NMR","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6797","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201701547","article-title":"Role of Anomalous Water Constraints in the Efficacy of Pharmaceuticals Probed by 1H Solid-State NMR","volume":"2","author":"Damron","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9943","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00918","article-title":"1H-Detected Biomolecular NMR under Fast Magic-Angle Spinning","volume":"122","author":"Schubeis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.5194\/mr-2-499-2021","article-title":"Residual dipolar line width in magic-angle spinning proton solid-state NMR","volume":"2","author":"Wiegand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calucci, L., Pizzanelli, S., Mandoli, A., Birczy\u0144ski, A., Lalowicz, Z.T., De Monte, C., Ricci, L., and Bronco, S. (2021). Unravelling Main- and Side-Chain Motions in Polymers with NMR Spectroscopy and Relaxometry: The Case of Polyvinyl Butyral. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13162686"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.1c00885","article-title":"Glassy and Polymer Dynamics of Elastomers by 1H-Field-Cycling NMR Relaxometry: Effects of Fillers","volume":"125","author":"Nardelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, W., Feng, C., Hou, J., Zhang, R., Sun, P., Gao, Y., and Wang, X. (2022). Probing the Dynamic Structural Evolution of End-Functionalized Polybutadiene\/Organo-Clay Nanocomposite Gels before and after Yielding by Nonlinear Rheology and 1H Double-Quantum NMR. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14081518"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2104231","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202104231","article-title":"In Situ RheoNMR Correlation of Polymer Segmental Mobility with Mechanical Properties during Hydrogel Synthesis","volume":"9","author":"Fengler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Liang, Y., Yao, Y., Wang, H., Lin, T., Gao, Y., Wang, X., and Xue, G. (2023). Chain Dynamics of Partially Disentangled UHMWPE around Melting Point Characterized by 1H Low-Field Solid-State NMR. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15081910"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14394-5","article-title":"Materials informatics approach using domain modelling for exploring structure-property relationships of polymers","volume":"12","author":"Hara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.120215","article-title":"Low-field time-domain NMR relaxometry for studying polymer hydration and mobilization in sodium alginate matrix tablets","volume":"299","author":"Baran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araque, L.M., Infantes-Molina, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Castell\u00f3n, E., Garro-Linck, Y., Franzoni, B., P\u00e9rez, C.J., Copello, G.J., and L\u00e1zaro-Mart\u00ednez, J.M. (2024). Ionic Crosslinking of Linear Polyethyleneimine Hydrogels with Tripolyphosphate. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10120790"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2023.107438","article-title":"Polymer composition optimization approach based on feature extraction of bound and free water using time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance","volume":"351","author":"Yamada","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5055","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.3c00861","article-title":"Water Diffusion and Uptake in Injectable ETTMP\/PEGDA Hydrogels","volume":"127","author":"Rockwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osuch, M., Nowosad, J., Kucharczyk, D., \u0141uczy\u0144ski, M.K., Mieloch, A., Godlewski, J., and Kruk, D. (2024). Water Dynamics in Fish Collagen Gels-Insight from NMR Relaxometry. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17174438"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinnertov\u00e1, E., Slov\u00e1k, V., Zelenka, T., Vaulot, C., and Delmotte, L. (2022). Carbonaceous Materials Porosity Investigation in a Wet State by Low-Field NMR Relaxometry. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15249021"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simari, C. (2023). NMR Investigation of Water Molecular Dynamics in Sulfonated Polysulfone\/Layered Double Hydroxide Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Membranes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13070684"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hariri El Nokab, M., Habib, M.H., Alassmy, Y.A., Abduljawad, M.M., Alshamrani, K.M., and Sebakhy, K.O. (2022). Solid State NMR a Powerful Technique for Investigating Sustainable\/Renewable Cellulose-Based Materials. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14051049"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-025-02648-z","article-title":"Solid-state NMR at natural isotopic abundance for bioenergy applications","volume":"18","author":"Addison","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"71","article-title":"Synthesis of 7-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)coumarin derivatives and evaluation of their radical-scavenging properties by EPR spectroscopy","volume":"24","author":"Ostrowska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prospect. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giroto, A.S., Valle, S.F., Borges, R., Colnago, L.A., Ribeiro, T.S., Jablonowski, N.D., Ribeiro, C., and Mattoso, L.H.C. (2023). Revealing the Structure Formation on Polyglycerol Citrate Polymers-An Environmentally Friendly Polyester as a Seed-Coating Material. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.0454.v1"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Chen, X., Pizzi, A., Petrissans, M., Dumarcay, S., Petrissans, A., Zhou, X., Du, G., Colin, B., and Xi, X. (2023). Highly Branched Tannin-Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-Urea Wood Adhesives. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15040890"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47223","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c14452","article-title":"Using Solid-State NMR to Understand the Structure of Plant Cellulose","volume":"147","author":"Cresswell","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulig, D., Kr\u00f3l-Kili\u0144ska, \u017b., Bobak, \u0141., \u017barowska, B., Jarmoluk, A., and Zimoch-Korzycka, A. (2023). Functional Properties of Chitosan Oligomers Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15183801"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pani\u0107, B., Frey, T., Borovina, M., Konopka, K., Sambolec, M., Kodrin, I., and Biljan, I. (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of Benzene- and Triazine-Based Azo-Bridged Porous Organic Polymers. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15010229"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40853-2","article-title":"Atomic-level structure determination of amorphous molecular solids by NMR","volume":"14","author":"Cordova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkov, V.I., Chernyak, A.V., Slesarenko, N.A., and Avilova, I.A. (2022). Ion and Molecular Transport in Solid Electrolytes Studied by NMR. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095011"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1039\/D3PY00867C","article-title":"RNA-inspired phosphate diester dynamic covalent networks","volume":"14","author":"Wink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamakita, Y., Takeuchi, I., Makino, K., Terada, H., Kikuchi, A., and Troev, K. (2022). Thermoresponsive Polyphosphoester via Polycondensation Reactions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Self-Assembly. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186006"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrova, A., Mamin, G., Gnezdilov, O., Fadeeva, I., Antonova, O., Forysenkova, A., Antoniac, I.V., Rau, J.V., and Gafurov, M. (2023). Magnetic Resonance-Based Analytical Tools to Study Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Hydroxyapatite Composites. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.0384.v1"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indurkar, A., Kudale, P., Rjabovs, V., Heinmaa, I., Demir, \u00d6., Kirejevs, M., Rubenis, K., Chaturbhuj, G., Turks, M., and Locs, J. (2024). Small organic molecules containing amorphous calcium phosphate: Synthesis, characterization and transformation. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1329752"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19662","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA02958A","article-title":"Highly porous phosphate-based glasses for controlled delivery of antibacterial Cu ions prepared via sol-gel chemistry","volume":"13","author":"Foroutan","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126103","article-title":"Hypophosphite cross-linked starch succinate\/chitosan membranes as alternative for packaging and pharmaceutical application","volume":"249","author":"Bajer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krac\u00edkov\u00e1, L., Androvi\u010d, L., Poto\u010dkov\u00e1, I., Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska, N., V\u00edt, M., \u010cerven\u00fd, D., Jir\u00e1k, D., and Laga, R. (2023). Phosphorus-Containing Polymers as Sensitive Biocompatible Probes for 31P Magnetic Resonance. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052334"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40089-0","article-title":"Biodegradable polyphosphoester micelles act as both background-free 31P magnetic resonance imaging agents and drug nanocarriers","volume":"14","author":"Koshkina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-023-00954-x","article-title":"Real-time 31P NMR reveals different gradient strengths in polyphosphoester copolymers as potential MRI-traceable nanomaterials","volume":"6","author":"Rheinberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2022.03.009","article-title":"In situ solid-state NMR study of antimicrobial peptide interactions with erythrocyte membranes","volume":"121","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2021.183723","article-title":"Interactions of HIV gp41\u2019s membrane-proximal external region and transmembrane domain with phospholipid membranes from 31P NMR","volume":"1863","author":"Sutherland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-025-01335-5","article-title":"The interaction of small molecules with phospholipid membranes studied by solid-state NMR and molecular dynamics simulation","volume":"17","author":"Khodov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1109\/OJEMB.2020.3030531","article-title":"A Review of Non-1H RF Receive Arrays in Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Wilcox","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Eng. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrl.2023.04.001","article-title":"23Na relaxometry: An overview of theory and applications","volume":"3","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Lett."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.1c00796","article-title":"Analysis of Complex Mixtures by Chemosensing NMR Using para-Hydrogen-Induced Hyperpolarization","volume":"55","author":"Fraser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"20230019","article-title":"How to 19F MRI: Applications, technique, and getting started","volume":"5","author":"Maxouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJR Open"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2023.04.002","article-title":"Recent technical developments and clinical research applications of sodium (23Na) MRI","volume":"138\u2013139","author":"Gast","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-01802-w","article-title":"Sodium accumulation in breast cancer predicts malignancy and treatment response","volume":"127","author":"James","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30363-y","article-title":"Variability by region and method in human brain sodium concentrations estimated by 23Na magnetic resonance imaging: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ridley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-024-06560-w","article-title":"In vivo assessment of pediatric kidney function using multi-parametric and multi-nuclear functional magnetic resonance imaging: Challenges, perspectives, and clinical applications","volume":"40","author":"Schleef","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rev.2025-0002","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.rev.2025-0002","article-title":"Added Value of Sodium MR Imaging and Proton MR Spectroscopy to Conventional MR Imaging for a Better Characterization of the Ischemic Stroke: A Narrative Review","volume":"24","author":"Cotinat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2401109121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2401109121","article-title":"Correlating local structure and migration dynamics in Na\/Li dual ion conductor Na5YSi4O12","volume":"121","author":"Lou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1048","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2779962","article-title":"Li Ion Conducting Polymer Gel Electrolytes Based on Ionic Liquid\/PVDF-HFP Blends","volume":"154","author":"Ye","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temme, S., Kleimann, P., Tiren, Z.B., Bouvain, P., Zielinski, A., Dollmeyer, W., Poth, S., G\u00f6rges, J., and Fl\u00f6gel, U. (2025). Imaging of Thromboinflammation by Multispectral 19F MRI. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062462"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202100701","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202100701","article-title":"19F MRI Nanotheranostics for Cancer Management: Progress and Prospects","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-018-0724-6","article-title":"Fluorine polymer probes for magnetic resonance imaging: Quo vadis?","volume":"32","author":"Jirak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5298","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.5298","article-title":"Systems Engineering Approach Towards Sensitive Cellular Fluorine-19 MRI","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29221","article-title":"Motion-corrected 23Na MRI of the human brain using interleaved 1H 3D navigator images","volume":"88","author":"Wilferth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-025-00832-6","article-title":"Evaluation of precalculated attenuation correction map for preclinical cardiac PET\/MR using a 1H\/23Na surface coil","volume":"13","author":"Rida","year":"2026","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"57","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging techniques for the quantitative analysis of skeletal muscle: State of the art","volume":"42","author":"Engelke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Ibrahim, M.A., Hazhirkarzar, B., and Dublin, A.B. (2023). Gadolinium Magnetic Resonance Imaging. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiu, V.E., Enache, I., Panea, C.A., Tiu, C., and Popescu, B.O. (2022). Predictive MRI Biomarkers in MS-A Critical Review. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58030377"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80274-9","article-title":"A quantitative multi-parameter mapping protocol standardized for clinical research in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Trang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-024-01187-2","article-title":"Free-breathing MRI techniques for fat and R2* quantification in the liver","volume":"37","author":"Shih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dejeu, D., Dejeu, P., Muresan, A., Bradea, P., and Dejeu, V. (2024). MRI-PDFF Assessment of Intrahepatic Fat Changes Post-Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Literature Review. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60122003"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2021.21845","article-title":"Proton density fat fraction: Magnetic resonance imaging applications beyond the liver","volume":"28","author":"Idilman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-023-05669-8","article-title":"Association of pancreatic fat on imaging with pediatric metabolic co-morbidities","volume":"53","author":"Swauger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afsahi, A.M., Sedaghat, S., Moazamian, D., Afsahi, G., Athertya, J.S., Jang, H., and Ma, Y.J. (2022). Articular Cartilage Assessment Using Ultrashort Echo Time MRI: A Review. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.892961"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae053","article-title":"Ultrashort echo time MRI detects significantly lower collagen but higher pore water in the tibial cortex of female patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis","volume":"39","author":"Jerban","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4734","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4734","article-title":"Amide proton transfer imaging in stroke","volume":"36","author":"Heo","year":"2023","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29408","article-title":"Quasi-steady-state amide proton transfer (QUASS APT) MRI enhances pH-weighted imaging of acute stroke","volume":"88","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrale, M., and d\u2019Errico, F. (2021). Hydrogels for Three-Dimensional Ionizing-Radiation Dosimetry. Gels, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7020074"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016057","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab4a22","article-title":"Magnetic particle templating of hydrogels: Engineering naturally derived hydrogel scaffolds with 3D aligned microarchitecture for nerve repair","volume":"17","author":"Lacko","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbari, A., and McIntyre, C.W. (2023). Recent Advances in Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Future Role in Kidney Disease. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134381"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27326","article-title":"Frontiers of Sodium MRI Revisited: From Cartilage to Brain Imaging","volume":"54","author":"Zaric","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.11.056","article-title":"Quantitative sodium MR imaging: A review of its evolving role in medicine","volume":"168","author":"Thulborn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2023.12.011","article-title":"Accelerated multiple-quantum-filtered sodium magnetic resonance imaging using compressed sensing at 7T","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000072","article-title":"Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging Shows Impairment of the Counter-current Multiplication System in Diabetic Mice Kidney","volume":"4","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfaf339","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf339","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging determination of tissue sodium across the CKD spectrum-associations and implications for health","volume":"18","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography10090106","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers of Muscle","volume":"10","author":"Sinha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2021.0039","article-title":"Physical Therapy in Women with Early Stage Lipedema: Potential Impact of Multimodal Manual Therapy, Compression, Exercise, and Education Interventions","volume":"20","author":"Donahue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lymphat. Res. Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101462","article-title":"Water-soluble fluorinated copolymers as highly sensitive 19F MRI tracers: From structure optimization to multimodal tumor imaging","volume":"31","author":"Sedlacek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122669","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of biohybrid tissue-engineered vascular grafts with transformative 1H\/19F MRI traceable scaffolds","volume":"311","author":"Rama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrl.2023.05.002","article-title":"Overview and progress of X-nuclei magnetic resonance imaging in biomedical studies","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Lett."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2206644","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202206644","article-title":"A Nanoparticle Ink Allowing the High Precision Visualization of Tissue Engineered Scaffolds by MRI","volume":"19","author":"Kiseleva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-026-00694-2","article-title":"19F MRI radiomic features: In vitro and in vivo repeatability","volume":"10","author":"Maxouri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-023-01100-3","article-title":"Tackling SNR at low-field: A review of hardware approaches for point-of-care systems","volume":"36","author":"Webb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"e71277","article-title":"Enhancement of Image Quality in Low-Field Knee MR Imaging Using Deep Learning","volume":"16","author":"Inaoka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28890","article-title":"Cardiac MRI at Low Field Strengths","volume":"59","author":"Varghese","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-024-04597-4","article-title":"Modern low-field MRI","volume":"53","author":"Pogarell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220522","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.220522","article-title":"Quantitative Brain Morphometry of Portable Low-Field-Strength MRI Using Super-Resolution Machine Learning","volume":"306","author":"Iglesias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.052","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for brainstem neuroimaging with ultrahigh field MRI","volume":"168","author":"Sclocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2020.09.008","article-title":"Musculoskeletal MR Imaging Applications at Ultra-High (7T) Field Strength","volume":"29","author":"Menon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaffer, A., Kwok, S.S., Naik, A., Anderson, A.T., Lam, F., Wszalek, T., Arnold, P.M., and Hassaneen, W. (2022). Ultra-High-Field MRI in the Diagnosis and Management of Gliomas: A Systematic Review. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.857825"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103436","article-title":"Ultra-high field spinal cord MRI in multiple sclerosis: Where are we standing? A literature review","volume":"57","author":"Kreiter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-022-01013-7","article-title":"Ultra-high-field MR in Prostate cancer: Feasibility and Potential","volume":"35","author":"Tenbergen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e213921","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213921","article-title":"Ultra-High Field 7T MRI in a Drug-Resistant Pediatric Epilepsy Cohort: Image Comparison and Radiologic Outcomes","volume":"105","author":"Vecchiato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2025.110330","article-title":"Magnetic field probe-based co-simulation method for irregular volume-type inductively coupled wireless MRI radiofrequency coils","volume":"117","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8083","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-24-1318","article-title":"A multimodal axial array resonator and its application in radiofrequency (RF) volume coil designs for low-field open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motovilova, E., Ching, T., Vincent, J., Shin, J., Tan, E.T., Taracila, V., Robb, F., Hashimoto, M., Sneag, D.B., and Winkler, S.A. (2023). Dual-Channel Stretchable, Self-Tuning, Liquid Metal Coils and Their Fabrication Techniques. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177588"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3186235","article-title":"A Hybrid Volume-Surface Integral Equation Method for Rapid Electromagnetic Simulations in MRI","volume":"70","author":"Giannakopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1109\/OJEMB.2024.3420231","article-title":"A Modified Quadrature Birdcage Coil Incorporated with a Curved Feature for In Ovo MR Imaging","volume":"5","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Eng. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28915","article-title":"An asymmetrical whole-body birdcage RF coil without RF shield for hyperpolarized 129Xe lung MR imaging at 1.5 T","volume":"86","author":"Puddu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2026.108019","article-title":"A high-performance ceramic volume coil for preclinical MRI","volume":"383","author":"Ubert","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2021.03.012","article-title":"Optimization of a quadrature birdcage coil for functional imaging of squirrel monkey brain at 9.4T","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Coupled stack-up volume RF coils for low-field MR imaging","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. Sci. Meet. Exhib. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. Sci. Meet. Exhib."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-023-01096-w","article-title":"A theoretical and experimental investigation on a volume coil with slotted end-rings for rat MRI at 7 T","volume":"36","author":"Ruiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, J.H., Han, Y., and Chung, J.Y. (2022). A Comparative Study of Birdcage RF Coil Configurations for Ultra-High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051741"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Huang, S.Y., and Yucel, A.C. (2024). Uncertainty Quantification in SAR Induced by Ultra-High-Field MRI RF Coil via High-Dimensional Model Representation. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11070730"},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"100123","article-title":"Inductively coupled, transmit-receive coils for proton MRI and X-nucleus MRI\/MRS in small animals","volume":"16\u201317","author":"Takahashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reason. Open."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, X., Schniter, P., Chen, C., Sultan, M.A., and Ahmad, R. (2024, January 27\u201330). Surface coil intensity correction for MRI. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI56570.2024.10635382"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30428","article-title":"Adaptable, wearable, and stretchable coils: A review","volume":"93","author":"Ramesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2024.07.005","article-title":"Multimodal surface coils for low field MR imaging","volume":"112","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"50","article-title":"Design and numerical evaluation of a volume coil array for parallel MR imaging at ultrahigh fields","volume":"4","author":"Pang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2300587","article-title":"A proton birdcage coil integrated with interchangeable single loops for multi-nuclear MRI\/MRS","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2022.107286","article-title":"A 13C\/31P surface coil to visualize metabolism and energetics in the rodent brain at 3 Tesla","volume":"343","author":"Vaidya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29977","article-title":"Triple-tuned birdcage and single-tuned dipole array for quadri-nuclear head MRI at 7 T","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2022.3140717","article-title":"Dual-Tuned Lattice Balun for Multi-Nuclear MRI and MRS","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29755","article-title":"Wideband receive-coil array design using high-impedance amplifiers for broadband decoupling","volume":"90","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4735","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4735","article-title":"Interleaved and simultaneous multi-nuclear magnetic resonance in vivo. Review of principles, applications and potential","volume":"35","author":"Carlier","year":"2022","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2025.107924","article-title":"Circuit design for broadband decoupling in multi-coil multi-nuclear applications","volume":"378","author":"Busher","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noetscher, G.M., Serano, P., Wartman, W.A., Fujimoto, K., and Makarov, S.N. (2021). Visible Human Project\u00ae female surface based computational phantom (Nelly) for radio-frequency safety evaluation in MRI coils. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260922"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29891","article-title":"Flexible multi-purpose integrated RF\/shim coil array for MRI and localized B0 shimming","volume":"91","author":"Overson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.05.025","article-title":"A novel whole-head RF coil design tailored for concurrent multichannel brain stimulation and imaging at 3T","volume":"16","author":"Stockmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30331","article-title":"A deep brain stimulation-conditioned RF coil for 3T MRI","volume":"93","author":"Kutscha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26143-9","article-title":"Design of standalone wireless impedance matching (SWIM) system for RF coils in MRI","volume":"12","author":"Kandala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29280","article-title":"A hardware and software system for MRI applications requiring external device data","volume":"88","author":"Isaieva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7261","article-title":"Sodium MR Neuroimaging","volume":"42","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4733","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4733","article-title":"Quantitative 23 Na-MRI of the intervertebral disk at 3 T","volume":"35","author":"Pazahr","year":"2022","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4364","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4364","article-title":"Motion correction methods for MRS: Experts\u2019 consensus recommendations","volume":"34","author":"Andronesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114479","article-title":"Emerging methods and applications of ultra-high field MR spectroscopic imaging in the human brain","volume":"638","author":"Hangel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111940","article-title":"Hepatic phosphatidylcholine catabolism driven by PNPLA7 and PNPLA8 supplies endogenous choline to replenish the methionine cycle with methyl groups","volume":"42","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114570","article-title":"Endogenously produced itaconate negatively regulates innate-driven cytokine production and drives global ubiquitination in human macrophages","volume":"43","author":"Bourner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01363-1","article-title":"In vivo itaconate tracing reveals degradation pathway and turnover kinetics","volume":"7","author":"Willenbockel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-05098-5","article-title":"How to stop using gadolinium chelates for magnetic resonance imaging: Clinical-translational experiences with ferumoxytol","volume":"52","author":"Theruvath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202100764","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202100764","article-title":"Investigating the Role of Sulfate Groups for the Binding of Gd3+ Ions to Glycosaminoglycans with NMR Relaxometry","volume":"17","author":"Werner","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Wang, M., Lv, W., White, F.A., Chen, X., and Obukhov, A.G. (2023). Long-Term Treatment with Gadopentetic Acid or Gadodiamide Increases TRPC5 Expression and Decreases Adriamycin Nuclear Accumulation in Breast Cancer Cells. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2414520\/v1"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollett, K.D.W., Szulc, D.A., and Cheng, H.M. (2023). A Manganese Porphyrin Platform for the Design and Synthesis of Molecular and Targeted MRI Contrast Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119532"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szae016","article-title":"Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tracking of Transplanted Neural Progenitor Cells in the Spinal Cord Utilizing the Bright-Ferritin Mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22335","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA02827E","article-title":"Fluorinated hydrogel nanoparticles with regulable fluorine contents and T2 relaxation times as 19F MRI contrast agents","volume":"13","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16742","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201810363","article-title":"Perfluorocarbon-Based 19F\u2005MRI Nanoprobes for In\u2005Vivo Multicolor Imaging","volume":"57","author":"Akazawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5630","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.4c00833","article-title":"Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Advanced 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging: From Chemical Design to Biomedical Applications","volume":"25","author":"Sedlacek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65319","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c14715","article-title":"Superhydrophilic Fluorinated Polymer Probe for Zero-Background 19F MRI with Adaptable Targeting Ability","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2322403121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2322403121","article-title":"Self-assembling dendrimer nanosystems for specific fluorine magnetic resonance imaging and effective theranostic treatment of tumors","volume":"121","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29589","article-title":"19Fluorine-MRI Based Longitudinal Immuno-Microenvironment-Monitoring for Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"61","author":"Reichardt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97808-0","article-title":"Asialoglycoprotein receptor targeted optical and magnetic resonance imaging and therapy of liver fibrosis using pullulan stabilized multi-functional iron oxide nanoprobe","volume":"11","author":"Saraswathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9213","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S470367","article-title":"Construction of CXCR4 Receptor-Targeted CuFeSe2 Nano Theranostic Platform and Its Application in MR\/CT Dual Model Imaging and Photothermal Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368504241228076","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504241228076","article-title":"Advances in nanotechnology-based targeted-contrast agents for computed tomography and magnetic resonance","volume":"107","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01889-y","article-title":"Current advance of nanotechnology in diagnosis and treatment for malignant tumors","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Shang, S., Wang, Y., and Xu, B. (2024). Utilization of nanomaterials in MRI contrast agents and their role in therapy guided by imaging. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1484577"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbab062","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbab062","article-title":"Advances in magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for glioblastoma-targeting theranostics","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae4e33","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticle contrast agents for MRI: Structure-property relationships, in vivo applications, and future theranostic directions","volume":"37","author":"Rezaei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S549662","article-title":"Folic Acid, Folate Conjugates and Folate Receptors: Novel Applications in Imaging of Cancer and Inflammation-Related Conditions","volume":"17","author":"Chegeni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1021\/cbmi.3c00019","article-title":"Label-Free Chemically and Molecularly Selective Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biomed. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29778","article-title":"Functional Pulmonary Imaging","volume":"62","author":"Kern","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8706","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.57004","article-title":"Smart magnetic resonance imaging-based theranostics for cancer","volume":"11","author":"Brito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2022.05.006","article-title":"Gene reporters for magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"38","author":"Brindle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.rev.2021-0118","article-title":"Arterial Spin Labeling for Pediatric Central Nervous System Diseases: Techniques and Clinical Applications","volume":"22","author":"Kitajima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119951","article-title":"Vascular-water-exchange MRI (VEXI) enables the detection of subtle AXR alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease without MRI contrast agent, which may relate to BBB integrity","volume":"270","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-023-00940-1","article-title":"Magnetic resonance myocardial T1\u03c1 mapping: Technical overview, challenges, emerging developments, and clinical applications","volume":"25","author":"Bustin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Grady, K.P., Satish, S., Owen, Q.R., Box, B.A., Bagnato, F., Combes, A.J.E., Cook, S.R., Westervelt, H.J., Feiler, H.R., and Lawless, R.D. (2022). Relaxation-Compensated Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI in the Brain at 7T: Application in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.764690"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13041","article-title":"The future direction of imaging in prostate cancer: MRI with or without contrast injection","volume":"9","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.rev.2021-0157","article-title":"Ultrafast Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MRI of the Breast: How Is It Used?","volume":"21","author":"Kataoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rheinheimer, S., Christopoulos, P., Erdmann, S., Saupe, J., Golpon, H., Vogel-Claussen, J., Dinkel, J., Thomas, M., Heussel, C.P., and Kauczor, H.U. (2022). Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of pulmonary adenocarcinomas for early risk stratification: Higher contrast uptake associated with response and better prognosis. BMC Med. Imaging, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-022-00943-x"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2022.110397","article-title":"Profiling hepatocellular carcinoma aggressiveness with contrast-enhanced ultrasound and gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI: An intra-individual comparative study based on the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System","volume":"154","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09906-4","article-title":"The combination of non-contrast abbreviated MRI and alpha foetoprotein has high performance for hepatocellular carcinoma screening","volume":"33","author":"Girardet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography8030114","article-title":"Imaging of Transmetallation and Chelation Phenomena Involving Radiological Contrast Agents in Mineral-Rich Fruits","volume":"8","author":"Sarkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202501096","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202501096","article-title":"Comprehensive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Relaxometry of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: A Systematic Study of Transmetallation and Transchelation Processes with Zinc Ions and Heparin","volume":"21","author":"Werner","year":"2026","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03710-z","article-title":"Activatable MRI probes for the specific detection of bacteria","volume":"413","author":"Periyathambi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1021\/cbmi.3c00026","article-title":"Designing Smart Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for MR Imaging of Tumors","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biomed. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duncan, A.M., Ellis, C.M., Smith, J.P., Leutloff, L., Langton, M.J., and Davis, J.J. (2025). Organic functionality in responsive paramagnetic nanostructures. Front. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1605538"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartusik-Aebisher, D., Bober, Z., Zalejska-Fiolka, J., Kawczyk-Krupka, A., and Aebisher, D. (2022). Multinuclear MRI in Drug Discovery. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196493"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01262-z","article-title":"Multi-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: State of the art and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veeraiah, P., and Jansen, J.F.A. (2023). Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at Ultra-High-Field: Assessing Human Cerebral Metabolism in Healthy and Diseased States. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13040577"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17201","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c02965","article-title":"Localized Shims Enable Low-Field Simultaneous Multinuclear NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"96","author":"Esmaeilizadshali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05094-x","article-title":"Super-resolution sodium MRI of human gliomas at 3T using physics-based generative artificial intelligence","volume":"174","author":"Raymond","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70003","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70003","article-title":"Multinuclear Interleaving of 1H CEST, Water T2*, and 23Na MRI at 3\u2009T","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4608","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4608","article-title":"A radially interleaved sodium and proton coil array for brain MRI at 7 T","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15010","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02929","article-title":"Through-Space Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Signal Enhancement Induced by Parahydrogen and Radiofrequency Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation","volume":"94","author":"Salnikov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.rev.2021-0085","article-title":"In vivo Human MR Spectroscopy Using a Clinical Scanner: Development, Applications, and Future Prospects","volume":"21","author":"Tomiyasu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.11.017","article-title":"Multiparametric Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Approach in Diagnosing, Monitoring, and Prognostication of Myocarditis","volume":"15","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103427","article-title":"Quantitative MRI in leukodystrophies","volume":"38","author":"Stellingwerff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-023-04363-x","article-title":"Multi-nuclear sodium, diffusion, and perfusion MRI in human gliomas","volume":"163","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002312","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002312","article-title":"Lower extremity MRI following 10-week supervised exercise intervention in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4724","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4724","article-title":"Cancer insights from magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cells and excised tumors","volume":"36","author":"Penet","year":"2023","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27816","article-title":"Seeking a Widely Adoptable Practical Standard to Estimate Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Multiple-Coil Reconstructions","volume":"54","author":"Montin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13497","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13497","article-title":"Combined maximum b-value and echo time: A practical method for determining the signal-to-noise ratio for magnetic resonance images","volume":"23","author":"Ohno","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2022.07.015","article-title":"Minimal number of sampling directions for robust measures of the spherical mean diffusion weighted signal: Effects of sampling directions, b-value, signal-to-noise ratio, hardware, and fitting strategy","volume":"94","author":"Schilling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7955","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16831","article-title":"Denoising magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data using stacked autoencoder for improving signal-to-noise ratio and speed of MRS","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14672-2","article-title":"Large-scale investigation of deep learning approaches for ventilated lung segmentation using multi-nuclear hyperpolarized gas MRI","volume":"12","author":"Astley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-024-01980-6","article-title":"Leveraging ultra-high field (7T) MRI in psychiatric research","volume":"50","author":"Calabro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05619-4","article-title":"MRI radiomics and biological correlations for predicting axillary lymph node burden in early-stage breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30476","article-title":"A 128-channel receive array with enhanced signal-to-noise ratio performance for 10.5T brain imaging","volume":"93","author":"Lagore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28670","article-title":"Effect of radiofrequency shield diameter on signal-to-noise ratio at ultra-high field MRI","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4384\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T04:44:47Z","timestamp":1779425087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":257,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27104384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27104384","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]}}}