{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:54:01Z","timestamp":1785405241023,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008868","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20230575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BK20230575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230575"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00t30yz20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathological events in a wide range of diseases, from severe infections to sterile inflammatory disorders. PMR serves as the terminal step that releases large quantities of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)\u2014intracellular molecules that act as danger signals once outside the cell. These DAMPs can trigger strong inflammatory responses, and in many cases, may precipitate a cytokine storm, a hyperactive immune reaction that often amplifies tissue injury beyond the initial insult. For decades, scientists generally believed that PMR resulted from membrane pore-forming cell death, such as pyroptosis or necroptosis, which causes osmotic imbalance and passive membrane swelling. However, in recent years, it was discovered that Nerve Injury-Induced Protein 1 (NINJ1) mediates PMR through active oligomerization. This review first uses pathogen infection as a classical model to explore how multiple cell death pathways converge on plasma membrane rupture (PMR). Subsequently, we elaborate on the structure and function of NINJ1 as a core executor of PMR. Finally, we broaden our perspective from infection to other non-infectious but equally PMR-driven major diseases, and systematically evaluate the commonalities and prospects of NINJ1-targeted therapeutic strategies across different pathological scenarios. It is hoped that this will provide new insights for future researchers in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:27:56Z","timestamp":1778776076000},"page":"4395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research Progress on NINJ1-Mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture Regulation of Pathogen Infection Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Houjun","family":"Ran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9699-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaituo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9924-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiufan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80166-X","article-title":"Ninjurin, a Novel Adhesion Molecule, Is Induced by Nerve Injury and Promotes Axonal Growth","volume":"17","author":"Araki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-010-0043-x","article-title":"Ninjurin1: A Potential Adhesion Molecule and Its Role in Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. 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