{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T15:10:30Z","timestamp":1779117030158,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral carcinogenesis as a causative mechanism of breast cancer has been intensively researched during the last decades. The role of Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) and Bovine Leukemia virus (BLV) in breast oncogenesis has been investigated in a plethora of studies, but with conflicting results. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the frequency of molecular detection of the EBV genome and BLV genome between women with breast cancer and women without malignant breast tumors. This systematic review and meta-analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched up to 20 May 2024. Included studies were those comparing the frequency of molecular detection of the EBV and\/or BLV genome in breast tissue specimens with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods between patients with breast cancer and women without breast malignancies. The primary outcomes of the study were the frequency of molecular detection of the EBV genome and BLV genome. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. A total of 29 studies met the selection criteria and were included in this meta-analysis; 19 studies reported results for molecular detection of the EBV genome, 9 studies for detection of the BLV genome and 1 study for detection of genomic material of both viruses. The frequency of molecular detection of viral genomes was significantly higher in patients with breast cancer, compared to women with healthy breasts or benign breast diseases, regarding both EBV (OR: 3.041, 95% CI: 1.791 to 5.164, p &lt; 0.0001) and BLV (OR: 3.459, 95% CI: 2.118 to 5.650, p &lt; 0.0001). The frequency of molecular detection of EBV and BLV genomes is higher, in a statistically significant manner, in patients with breast cancer compared to women without breast malignancies. The presence of these viral factors in breast tissue could imply their potential contribution in breast carcinogenesis, but is not sufficient to establish it, and the molecular detection of their genomes could be potentially exploited in the future for preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Further studies are required to thoroughly investigate and establish a causal relationship between EBV and BLV infection and breast carcinogenesis, as well as to support the use of viral genome molecular detection in clinical settings for the management of breast cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:40:31Z","timestamp":1779115231000},"page":"4452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viral Genomic Footprints in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Tissue-Based Detection of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus and Bovine Leukemia Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Georgia","family":"Margioula-Siarkou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2420-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysoula","family":"Margioula-Siarkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3577-8782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Vavoulidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2361-3470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Flindris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5564-0406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stamatios","family":"Petousis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costas","family":"Haitoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Mavromatidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7144-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Dinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ukasiewicz, S., Czeczelewski, M., Forma, A., Baj, J., Sitarz, R., and Stanis\u0142awek, A. (2021). Breast Cancer\u2014Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies\u2014An Updated Review. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174287"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02108-4","article-title":"Breast Cancer: Pathogenesis and Treatments","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70404","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70404","article-title":"Breast Cancer: Molecular Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Samad","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"195","article-title":"Etiology of Breast Cancer: A Perspective from Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Cent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-024-07388-6","article-title":"The Association between Infectious Agents and Breast Cancer: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence","volume":"207","author":"Brantley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.01.076","article-title":"Viral Infections and Breast Cancer\u2014A Current Perspective","volume":"420","author":"Gannon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"163","article-title":"The Virology of Breast Cancer: Viruses as the Potential Causative Agents of Breast Tumorigenesis","volume":"27","author":"Lehrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-017-0165-2","article-title":"Multiple Oncogenic Viruses Are Present in Human Breast Tissues before Development of Virus Associated Breast Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Lawson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Agent. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit321","article-title":"Age-Specific Prevalence of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Infection Among Individuals Aged 6\u201319 Years in the United States and Factors Affecting Its Acquisition","volume":"208","author":"Balfour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowd, J.B., Palermo, T., Brite, J., McDade, T.W., and Aiello, A. (2013). Seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in U.S. Children Ages 6\u201319, 2003\u20132010. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064921"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundo, L., Leoncini, L., and Accardi-Gheit, R. (2023). Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Infection in Cancer. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15184659"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2019-0232","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Farahmand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6606048","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus as a Marker of Biological Aggressiveness in Breast Cancer","volume":"104","author":"Mazouni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1737","article-title":"Epstein Barr Virus Associated Lymphomas and Epithelia Cancers in Humans","volume":"11","author":"Ayee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer Ivyspring Int. Publ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias-Calvachi, C., Blanco, R., Calaf, G.M., and Aguayo, F. (2022). Epstein-Barr Virus Association with Breast Cancer: Evidence and Perspectives. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11060799"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buehring, G.C., Shen, H.M., Jensen, H.M., Jin, D.L., Hudes, M., and Block, G. (2015). Exposure to Bovine Leukemia Virus Is Associated with Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134304"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2013.31013","article-title":"Bovine Leukemia Virus Gene Segment Detected in Human Breast Tissue","volume":"3","author":"Giovanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buehring, G.C., and Sans, H.M. (2020). Breast Cancer Gone Viral? Review of Possible Role of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Breast Cancer, and Related Opportunities for Cancer Prevention. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010209"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Sterne, J., Higgins, J., Reeves, B.R., Savovi\u0107, J., and Turner, L. (2026, February 21). Cochrane Scientific Committee Recommendation Statement\/Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/PDFs\/scientific_committee_statement_report_cumulative_ma_final_301017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.01.039","article-title":"Soluble Endoglin Concentration in Maternal Blood as a Diagnostic Biomarker of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"258","author":"Petousis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13510","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13510","article-title":"Circulating Serum and Plasma Levels of Micro-RNA in Type-1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"51","author":"Margaritis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., and Rothstein, H. (2013). Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3, Biostat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowran, R., Joharinia, N., Safaei, A., Bakhtiyarizadeh, S., Alidadi Soleimani, A., Alizadeh, R., Mir-Shiri, S., and Sarvari, J. (2019). No Detection of EBV, BKV and JCV in Breast Cancer Tissue Samples in Iran. BMC Res. Notes, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4178-3"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khasawneh, A.I., Himsawi, N., Sammour, A., Al Shboul, S., Alorjani, M., Al-Momani, H., Shahin, U., Al-Momani, H., Alotaibi, M.R., and Saleh, T. (2024). Association of Human Papilloma Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus with Breast Cancer in Jordanian Women. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050699"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gihbid, A., El Amrani, A., Mouh, F.Z., Gheit, T., Benhessou, M., Amrani, M., McKay-Chopin, S., Mohamed Brahim, S., Sahraoui, S., and Bennani, A. (2023). Prevalence of Polyomaviruses and Herpesviruses in Moroccan Breast Cancer. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050640"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1159\/000525277","article-title":"Incidence of HPVs, EBV, and MMTV-Like Virus in Breast Cancer in Qatar","volume":"65","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1975452","article-title":"Presence of High-Risk HPVs, EBV, and MMTV in Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02009-4","article-title":"High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr Virus in Breast Cancer in Lebanese Women and Their Association with Tumor Grade: A Molecular and Tissue Microarray Study","volume":"21","author":"Nagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1178223420976388","article-title":"Human Mammary Tumor Virus, Human Papilloma Virus, and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Are Associated With Sporadic Breast Cancer Metastasis","volume":"14","author":"Matalka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.5.1431","article-title":"Simultaneous Effects of Viral Factors of Human Papilloma Virus and Epstein-Barr Virus on Progression of Breast and Thyroid Cancers: Application of Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"21","author":"Mostafaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.1.133","article-title":"Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in Iranian Breast Carcinoma Patients","volume":"21","author":"Mofrad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.3.687","article-title":"Frequency of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus DNA in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue of Patients with Ductal Breast Carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Sharifpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9776(19)30319-4","article-title":"Deep Molecular Investigation of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Its Correlation with Breast Cancer","volume":"44","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-017-0173-2","article-title":"Association of Epstein\u2014Barr Virus and Breast Cancer in Eritrea","volume":"12","author":"Fessahaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Agent. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnci.2017.02.002","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma in Egyptian Women: A Single Center Experience","volume":"29","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.07.010","article-title":"Prevalence of EBV, HPV and MMTV in Pakistani Breast Cancer Patients: A Possible Etiological Role of Viruses in Breast Cancer","volume":"54","author":"Naushad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnci.2012.06.001","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus and Breast Cancer: Epidemiological and Molecular Study on Egyptian and Iraqi Women","volume":"24","author":"Zekri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glenn, W.K., Heng, B., Delprado, W., Iacopetta, B., Whitaker, N.J., and Lawson, J.S. (2012). Epstein-Barr Virus, Human Papillomavirus and Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus as Multiple Viruses in Breast Cancer. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048788"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2007.12.017","article-title":"Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus in Breast Carcinoma in Egyptian Women","volume":"41","author":"Fawzy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000085748","article-title":"Investigation of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin- Embedded Breast Cancer Tissues","volume":"14","author":"Kalkan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"824","article-title":"Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Egyptian Women\u2019s Breast Cancer Tissues","volume":"10","author":"Elmatbouly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olaya-Galan, N.N., Salas-C\u00e1rdenas, S.P., Rodriguez-Sarmiento, J.L., Iba\u00f1ez-Pinilla, M., Monroy, R., Corredor-Figueroa, A.P., Rubiano, W., De la Pe\u00f1a, J., Shen, H.M., and Buehring, G.C. (2021). Risk Factor for Breast Cancer Development under Exposure to Bovine Leukemia Virus in Colombian Women: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257492"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delarmelina, E., Buzelin, M.A., de Souza, B.S., Souto, F.M., Bicalho, J.M., Falc\u00e3o C\u00e2mara, R.J., Resende, C.F., Bueno, B.L., Victor, R.M., and Florentino Galinari, G.C. (2020). High Positivity Values for Bovine Leukemia Virus in Human Breast Cancer Cases from Minas Gerais, Brazil. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239745"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39834-7","article-title":"Bovine Leukemia Virus DNA Associated with Breast Cancer in Women from South Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Schwingel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31169","article-title":"Bovine Leukemia Virus Linked to Breast Cancer but Not Coinfection with Human Papillomavirus: Case-Control Study of Women in Texas","volume":"124","author":"Baltzell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buehring, G.C., Shen, H.M., Schwartz, D.A., and Lawson, J.S. (2017). Bovine Leukemia Virus Linked to Breast Cancer in Australian Women and Identified before Breast Cancer Development. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179367"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection Is Significantly Associated with Risk of Breast Cancer","volume":"67","author":"Buehring","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2025.100499","article-title":"Global Distribution and Host Range of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis in Ruminants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Dagnaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90599","article-title":"Immunotherapy for Transplantation-Associated Viral Infections","volume":"127","author":"Roddie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.22.1849","article-title":"Infection of Breast Epithelial Cells with Epstein-Barr Virus via Cell-to-Cell Contact","volume":"92","author":"Speck","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2014.192","article-title":"Emerging Biomarkers in Head and Neck Cancer in the Era of Genomics","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1786","article-title":"Modes of Infection and Oncogenesis by the Epstein-Barr Virus","volume":"24","author":"Murata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"114","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Viral Infection and the Risk for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"17","author":"Agolli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol. Oncol. Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199186","article-title":"Bovine Leukemia Virus Detection in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"335","author":"Mendoza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.213","article-title":"Molecular Evidence of Viral DNA in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Non-Neoplastic Lung","volume":"115","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104417","article-title":"Bovine Leukemia Virus Relation to Human Breast Cancer: Meta-Analysis","volume":"149","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-024-00653-y","article-title":"Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) and Risk of Breast Cancer; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Mohammaditabar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000502131","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Increased Sporadic Breast Carcinoma Risk: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-020-00314-7","article-title":"Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies","volume":"15","author":"Khatami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Agent. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo, Q., Zhang, N., and Yang, Q. (2012). Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Sporadic Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031656"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4452\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:47:43Z","timestamp":1779115663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27104452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27104452","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}}}