{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:33:43Z","timestamp":1790620423951,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health\u2014Ricerca Corrente"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At present, the gold standard for gastric cancer (GC) confirmation relies mostly on histopathology, an invasive procedure. Noninvasive detection methods using serum for large-scale screening may be useful for the early diagnosis of GC. Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and chronic atrophic gastritis are major GC risk factors. We recently developed a noninvasive test called the DSC test-based on the patient\u2019s age, sex, their serum PGI and PGII, anti-HP immunoglobulin (IgG), and gastrin G17 levels-predicting GC risk as low (score 0, S0) or high (score 2, S2). The comparative investigation at the serum protein level of the two different patient groups detected by our DCS test (S0 and S2) may undoubtedly help to identify gastric disease-dependent proteins, resulting from bacterial infection or gastric mucosa inflammation, as well as get better insight into the molecular scenario associated with pre-cancerous conditions. We used an untargeted liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS)-based proteomic profiling approach, followed by univariate statistical analysis to compare the different DSC groups across two patient cohorts (exploratory and validation). Significantly differentially abundant proteins differing more than 1.5-fold between S0 and S2 groups were selected and validated, and their putative role(s) in gastritis and GC were discussed. In both the exploratory and the validation cohorts, four proteins (beta-2-microglobulin, EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1, complement factor D, and cystatin-C) were more abundant, while two (sex hormone-binding globulin and pregnancy zone protein) were less abundant in the sera of S2 individuals (|fold change| \u2265 0.6, p &lt; 0.05, t-test). The higher presence of beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) and the lower content of pregnancy zone protein (PZP) in S2 sera were validated by immunoblotting. Replacing age and sex in our DSC model with two specific candidate biomarkers can lead to a refined, albeit modest, improvement in classification accuracy. This study identified a proteomic signature that was differentially associated with the sera of patients with a different risk to develop advanced atrophy\/GC according to the DSC test. Moving from a demographic model to a proteomic-driven model can better reflect the personalized biology of pathological processes associated with DSC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:40:31Z","timestamp":1779115231000},"page":"4464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serum Protein Profiling of Patients at Risk to Develop Gastric Disease Based on a DSC Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ombretta","family":"Repetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Sperti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"De Zorzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Paduano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-7637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Realdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6320-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostino","family":"Steffan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-222X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Cannizzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6100-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valli","family":"De Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machlowska, J., Baj, J., Sitarz, M., Maciejewski, R., and Sitarz, R. (2020). Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114012"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.1965.64.1.31","article-title":"The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: Diffuse and so-called intestinal-type carcinoma: An attempt at a histo-clinical classification","volume":"64","author":"Lauren","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., and Zhang, T. (2025). Precancerous Pathways to Gastric Cancer: A Review of Experimental Animal Models Recapitulating the Correa Cascade. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1620756"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2013.01.002","article-title":"Gastric Cancer: Overview","volume":"42","author":"Correa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"100845","article-title":"Gastric Cancer-Epidemiology, Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors, Challenges and Opportunities: An Updated Review","volume":"41","author":"Mamun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waddingham, W., Graham, D.G., and Banks, M.R. (2024). Latest Advances in Endoscopic Detection of Oesophageal and Gastric Neoplasia. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030301"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2695-1376","article-title":"Adherence to Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Epithelial Precancerous Conditions and Lesions in the Stomach in Europe","volume":"57","author":"Fontes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13842","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i38.13842","article-title":"Gastric Cancer: Prevention, Screening and Early Diagnosis","volume":"20","author":"Pasechnikov","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56791","DOI":"10.2196\/56791","article-title":"Effectiveness of Gastric Cancer Endoscopic Screening in Intermediate-Risk Countries: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mourato","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Januszewicz, W., Turkot, M.H., Malfertheiner, P., and Regula, J. (2023). A Global Perspective on Gastric Cancer Screening: Which Concepts Are Feasible, and When?. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030664"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00747-0","article-title":"Global burden of gastric cancer: Epidemiological trends, risk factors, screening and prevention","volume":"20","author":"Thrift","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13681","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i38.13681","article-title":"Screening for and Surveillance of Gastric Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Compare","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, W.S., Xie, F., Chen, B., Yu, P., Yu, J., To, K.F., and Kang, W. (2023). Updated Epidemiology of Gastric Cancer in Asia: Decreased Incidence but Still a Big Challenge. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092639"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2025.101982","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Upper Endoscopy for Gastric Cancer Screening and Surveillance in Western Populations","volume":"75","author":"Kapteijn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/57.5.1027","article-title":"Gastric Cancer in Colombia. III. Natural History of Precursor Lesions","volume":"57","author":"Correa","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles, C., Rudzite, D., Polaka, I., Sjomina, O., Tzivian, L., Kikuste, I., Tolmanis, I., Vanags, A., Isajevs, S., and Liepniece-Karele, I. (2022). Assessment of Serum Pepsinogens with and without Co-Testing with Gastrin-17 in Gastric Cancer Risk Assessment-Results from the GISTAR Pilot Study. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071746"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"194","article-title":"Pepsinogen A\/Pepsinogen C or Pepsinogen A Multiplied by Gastrin in the Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer?","volume":"23","author":"Farinati","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ital. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016999","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016999","article-title":"Multicentric Randomised Study of Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Pepsinogen Testing for Prevention of Gastric Cancer Mortality: The GISTAR Study","volume":"7","author":"Leja","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000477239","article-title":"Serological Evaluation of Gastric Cancer Risk Based on Pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylori Antibody: Relationship to Endoscopic Findings","volume":"95","author":"Kotachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Re, V., Realdon, S., Vettori, R., Zaramella, A., Maiero, S., Repetto, O., Canzonieri, V., Steffan, A., and Cannizzaro, R. (2023). A DSC Test for the Early Detection of Neoplastic Gastric Lesions in a Medium-Risk Gastric Cancer Area. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043290"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazin, T., Nozeret, K., Juli\u00e9, C., Lamarque, D., and Touati, E. (2024). Protein Biomarkers of Gastric Preneoplasia and Cancer Lesions in Blood: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.2470.v1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Repetto, O., Vettori, R., Steffan, A., Cannizzaro, R., and De Re, V. (2023). Circulating Proteins as Diagnostic Markers in Gastric Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316931"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darvishi, A., Dadashzadeh Asl, A., Golshaniniya, P., Alipour, A., Naseri, A., Hamzehzadeh, S., and Salehi-Pourmehr, H. (2025). Serum Markers and Gastric Cancer: An Umbrella Review. BMC Gastroenterol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04349-1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giai Gianetto, Q., Michel, V., Douch\u00e9, T., Nozeret, K., Zaanan, A., Colussi, O., Trouilloud, I., Pernot, S., Ungeheuer, M.-N., and Juli\u00e9, C. (2025). Plasma Protein Biomarkers to Detect Early Gastric Preneoplasia and Cancer: A Prospective Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.29.651246"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119675","article-title":"Targeted Plasma Proteomic Analysis Uncovers a High-Performance Biomarker Panel for Early Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer","volume":"558","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40132-6","article-title":"Soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) Measurement Might Be Useful as an Early Diagnostic Biomarker and Screening Test for Gastric Cancer","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2019.11.001","article-title":"Plasma Proteomics-Based Identification of Novel Biomarkers in Early Gastric Cancer","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1254","article-title":"Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) Is a Potential Early Diagnostic Biomarker for Gastric Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.10.022","article-title":"ITIH4 Is a Novel Serum Biomarker for Early Gastric Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"523","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.171369","article-title":"The Value of Serum Survivin Level in Early Diagnosis of Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Gunaldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i21.2269","article-title":"Multiple Cytokine Profiling in Serum for Early Detection of Gastric Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, F., Tian, Y., Xu, G., Liu, Z., Liu, S., Zheng, G., Guo, M., Lian, X., Fan, D., and Zhang, H. (2017). Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of CEA, CA19-9, AFP and CA125 for Early Gastric Cancer. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3738-y"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.3c00068","article-title":"Comprehensive Overview of Bottom-Up Proteomics Using Mass Spectrometry","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Meas. Sci. Au"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.06.008","article-title":"Beta2-Microglobulin(B2M) in Cancer Immunotherapies: Biological Function, Resistance and Remedy","volume":"517","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.176084","article-title":"The Implication and Significance of Beta 2 Microglobulin: A Conservative Multifunctional Regulator","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120830","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury: Detection, Risk Stratification, and Predictive Biomarkers","volume":"582","author":"Bithi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.5.1431","article-title":"Activated Human T Lymphocytes Express MHC Class I Heavy Chains Not Associated with Beta 2-Microglobulin","volume":"171","author":"Schnabl","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Lin, Z., Zheng, Z., Wang, Q., Zhou, S., Zhang, B., Zheng, D., Chen, Z., Zheng, S., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Prognostic significance of \u03b22-microglobulin decline index in multiple myeloma. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1322680"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vassilakopoulos, T.P., Arapaki, M., Diamantopoulos, P.T., Liaskas, A., Panitsas, F., Siakantaris, M.P., Dimou, M., Kokoris, S.I., Sachanas, S., and Belia, M. (2024). Prognostic Impact of Serum \u03922-Microglobulin Levels in Hodgkin Lymphoma Treated with ABVD or Equivalent Regimens: A Comprehensive Analysis of 915 Patients. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16020238"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2020.1060","article-title":"Prognostic Stratification of Patients with Burkitt Lymphoma Using Serum \u03b22-Microglobulin Levels","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2015.1137291","article-title":"Evaluation of Serum Markers in the LRF CLL4 Trial: \u03b22-Microglobulin but Not Serum Free Light Chains, Is an Independent Marker of Overall Survival","volume":"57","author":"Pratt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"e70416","article-title":"Prognostic Role of Beta-2 Microglobulin in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"8","author":"Disfani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.NJMS_242_20","article-title":"Serum Beta-2 Microglobulin Analysis in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Sequeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. J. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2013.03.008","article-title":"Correlation of Serum \u03b22-Microglobulin Levels with Prostate-Specific Antigen, Gleason Score, Clinical Stage, Tumor Metastasis and Therapy Efficacy in Prostate Cancer","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"425","article-title":"Modification of Beta-2-Microglobulin in Sera from Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer: Evidence for Involvement of a Serine Protease","volume":"67","author":"Nissen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z.-Y., Tang, F., Wang, J., Yang, J.-Z., Chen, X., Wang, Z.-F., and Li, Z.-Q. (2024). Serum Beta2-Microglobulin Acts as a Biomarker for Severity and Prognosis in Glioma Patients: A Preliminary Clinical Study. BMC Cancer, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12441-0"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, Y., Chen, P., Wu, C., Wang, Q., Zeng, K., and Liang, M. (2025). \u03922-Microglobulin and Cognitive Decline: Unraveling the Mediating Role of the Dunedin Pace of Aging Methylation. Front. Aging Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1505185"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"2350","article-title":"Predictive Value of Plasma \u03922-Microglobulin on Human Body Function and Senescence","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.12.1639","article-title":"Clinicopathological Features and Surgical Safety of Gastric Cancer in Elderly Patients","volume":"29","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615089","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/615089","article-title":"The Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and Beta-2 Microglobulin in Humans","volume":"2014","author":"Yeniova","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-9875-4","article-title":"Serum and Tissue Beta-2 Microglobulin Levels in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection","volume":"53","author":"Akay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1992.tb00960.x","article-title":"Beta-2-Microglobulin and Helicobacter pylori Infection in Uraemic Dialysed Patients","volume":"7","author":"Conz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-3382","article-title":"\u03b22-Microglobulin Induces Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Confers Cancer Lethality and Bone Metastasis in Human Cancer Cells","volume":"71","author":"Josson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9108","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-1996","article-title":"Beta2-Microglobulin is a Signaling and Growth-Promoting Factor for Human Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.03.007","article-title":"Targeting Beta2-Microglobulin Mediated Signaling as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Human Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"178","author":"Nomura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqae066","article-title":"\u03b22-Microglobulin Expression is Associated with Aggressive Histology, Activated Tumor Immune Milieu, and Outcome in Colon Carcinoma","volume":"162","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2024.149013","article-title":"Pregnancy Zone Protein, a Potential Research Target in Multiple Diseases","volume":"935","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2005.03.007","article-title":"Pregnancy Zone Protein is a Carrier and Modulator of Placental Protein-14 in T-Cell Growth and Cytokine Production","volume":"232","author":"Skornicka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6101","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817298116","article-title":"Human Pregnancy Zone Protein Stabilizes Misfolded Proteins Including Preeclampsia- and Alzheimer\u2019s-Associated Amyloid Beta Peptide","volume":"116","author":"Cater","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(81)90343-0","article-title":"Circulating Levels of Pregnancy Zone Protein: Normal Range and the Influence of Age and Gender","volume":"110","author":"Folkersen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(74)90092-1","article-title":"A Quantitative Study of the Pregnancy Zone Protein in the Sera of Pregnant and Puerperal Women","volume":"119","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"910","article-title":"A Study on the Serum Pregnancy Zone Protein Levels in Pregnant Women and Patients with Gynecological Tumors","volume":"107","author":"Teng","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-01861-8","article-title":"Discovery and Validation of PZP as a Novel Serum Biomarker for Screening Lung Adenocarcinoma in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100794","article-title":"Serum Amyloid A1 and Pregnancy Zone Protein in Pregnancy Complications and Correlation with Markers of Placental Dysfunction","volume":"5","author":"Fosheim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahangir, S., John, P., Bhatti, A., Aslam, M.M., Mehmood Malik, J., Anderson, J.R., and Peffers, M.J. (2022). LC-MS\/MS-Based Serum Protein Profiling for Identification of Candidate Biomarkers in Pakistani Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030464"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-021-00280-x","article-title":"Serum Exosomal Pregnancy Zone Protein as a Promising Biomarker in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"26","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05321-5","article-title":"Revisiting the Role of Pregnancy Zone Protein (PZP) as a Cancer Biomarker in the Immunotherapy Era","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.16820","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Pregnancy Zone Protein Expression in Patients With Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer After Curative Resection","volume":"44","author":"Oshima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9883","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S269215","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of Pregnancy Zone Protein and Its Correlation with Immune Infiltrates in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., Zheng, T., Chen, C., Liu, L., Guo, Z., Peng, Y., Zhang, X., and Yang, Z. (2023). Pregnancy Zone Protein Serves as a Prognostic Marker and Favors Immune Infiltration in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11071978"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2025.10.015","article-title":"Autoimmune Gastritis: Diagnosis, Clinical Management and Natural History. A Position Paper by the Autoimmune gastRitis Italian netwOrk Study grOup (ARIOSO)","volume":"58","author":"Lahner","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-3957","article-title":"Autoimmune Gastritis Mediated by CD4+ T Cells Promotes the Development of Gastric Cancer","volume":"73","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393015","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/393015","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-Induced Chronic Gastritis and Assessing Risks for Gastric Cancer","volume":"2013","author":"Carrasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12872","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12872","article-title":"Pepsinogen II in Gastritis and Helicobacter pylori Infection","volume":"27","author":"Crafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31288-5","article-title":"Gastric Cancer","volume":"396","author":"Smyth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Li, W., Yang, Z., Liu, H., Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., and Gu, H. (2025). Revealing the Key Modules and Potential Prognostic Markers of Gastric Cancer Transformation Based on Weighted Gene Co-Expression Networks. Front. Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1613682"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.04.013","article-title":"On the Role of Cystatin C in Cancer Progression","volume":"202","author":"Leto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Or\u0103\u0219eanu, A., Brisc, M.C., Maghiar, O.A., Popa, H., Brisc, C.M., \u0218olea, S.F., Maghiar, T.A., and Brisc, C. (2023). Landscape of Innovative Methods for Early Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13243608"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.sjg_383_22","article-title":"Analysis of High Risk Factors for Chronic Atrophic Gastritis","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1515\/jtim-2025-0041","article-title":"Associations Between Serum Sex Steroid Hormone Metabolites and Gastric Cancer and Precancerous Lesions in Men: A 11.8-Year Prospective Study","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozac-Sz\u0151ke, A.-R., Tinca, A.C., Negovan, A., Vilaia, A., Cozac, D.-A., Cocuz, I.-G., Sab\u0103u, A.H., Hag\u0103u, R.-D., Chiorean, D.-M., and Lazar, A.-B. (2025). Comprehensive Analysis of SIGLEC-15 and PD-L1 Expression Identifies Distinct Prognostic Profiles in Gastric Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178637"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125169","article-title":"Tumor Microenvironment-Mimicking Macrophage Nanovesicles as a Targeted Therapy Platform for Colorectal Cancer","volume":"670","author":"Rampado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4464\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T09:16:30Z","timestamp":1779268590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27104464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27104464","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]}}}