{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:13:08Z","timestamp":1785413588630,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-DE031299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE031299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01-DE 029759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DE 029759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#S10-OD-019995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#S10-OD-019995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#S10-OD-025009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#S10-OD-025009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["R01-DE031299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE031299"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U01-DE 029759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DE 029759"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["#S10-OD-019995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#S10-OD-019995"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["#S10-OD-025009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#S10-OD-025009"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007921","name":"University of Pittsburgh","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an3r305","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pittsburgh Center for Cryo-EM","award":["SCR_025216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCR_025216"]}]},{"award":["SCR_025216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCR_025216"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/023kbw492","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postoperative surgical draining fluid (SDF) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was reported to contain circulating free DNA and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The potential role of SDF DNA as a cancer biomarker in OSCC patients is investigated. To determine whether EVs contribute to the DNA content of SDF, small EVs (sEVs) were isolated by size exclusion chromatography and compared with those in paired plasma. sEV obtained from a cohort of HPV(+) and HPV(\u2212) patients were evaluated for the endocytic origin, size, vesicular morphology, and the DNA content. The sEV from HPV(+) and HPV(\u2212) SDF were similar. The sEVs from SDF were larger and contained more DNA than the sEV from plasma. Treatments of sEV with the DNase\/RNase cocktail established the presence of DNA on the surface and in the sEV lumen. Furthermore, 20 to 30% of the total SDF DNA was associated with sEV. Fragmentomic analyses identified the largest DNA (&gt;10,000 bp) on the vesicle surface. The DNA in the vesicle lumen consisted of smaller (~5000 bp) DNA fragments. Electron microscopy of the enzyme-treated vesicles indicated that surface DNA\/RNA may be involved in maintaining vesicular integrity and modulating the vesicle entry into cells. The sEV-carrying surface and luminal DNA emerge as significant contributors to the total SDF DNA and, following validation, might serve as useful biomarkers of disease presence\/progression in OSCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T12:30:51Z","timestamp":1779280251000},"page":"4577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEV) in Surgical Drain Fluids of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Carry Luminal and Surface DNA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alicja","family":"Gluszko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6581-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James F.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Pittsburgh Center for Cryo-EM, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Pietrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Zevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7316-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa L.","family":"Whiteside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1764-3","article-title":"Formation and role of exosomes in cancer","volume":"72","author":"Brinton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. 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