{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:42Z","timestamp":1787028582095,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Fundamental Grant (GFFP), Faculty of Medicine, UKM","award":["FF-2023-176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-2023-176"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GGPM-2022-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GGPM-2022-031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["GGPM-2022-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GGPM-2022-031"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00bw8d226","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The brain and testes are connected via the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal (HPG) axis. Both are vulnerable to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). However, no comprehensive study had evaluated the effects of RF-EMR on key hormones along this axis. Hereby, this study evaluated the effect of RF-EMR on the hormonal changes along the axis, including the neuropeptide kisspeptin. A total of 18 (N = 18) adult Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n = 6): Control, 4 h, and 24 h. The Control group was sham-exposed to an inactive router. The exposed groups were subjected to 2.45 GHz RF-EMR for 4 and 24 h daily, for 60 days at a 20 cm distance. The power density was 0.141 W\/m2 with a whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.41 W\/kg. No significant changes were observed in hypothalamic Kiss1 gene expression or serum kisspeptin levels. GnRH levels increased significantly in both exposed groups, while FSH and LH remained unchanged. Testicular testosterone was significantly reduced in the 24 h group, while serum testosterone was elevated in the 24 h group compared to the 4 h group. In conclusion, prolonged 2.45 GHz RF-EMR exposure caused selective changes in components of the HPG axis, particularly involving GnRH and testosterone, suggesting potential endocrine effects on male reproductive regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T12:30:51Z","timestamp":1779280251000},"page":"4582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of 2.45 GHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Components of the Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Gonadal Axis in Male Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sivasatyan","family":"Vijay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4474-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti Fatimah","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3348-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khairul","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Program, Center for Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aini Farzana","family":"Zulkefli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Farisyam","family":"Mat Ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1835-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norazurashima","family":"Jamaludin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Program, Center for Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8931-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atikah","family":"Hairulazam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7645-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah Hanan Fathihah","family":"Jaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.05.071","article-title":"Radiobiological Effects and Medical Applications of Non-Ionizing Radiation","volume":"28","author":"Omer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.61186\/ijrr.22.3.537","article-title":"Alleviative Effect of Quercetin on Rat Testicular against 2600 MHz Electromagnetic Field","volume":"22","author":"Karaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8719(97)00053-1","article-title":"Tissue water content in rats measured by desiccation","volume":"38","author":"Reinoso","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"555","article-title":"Mitigating Heat-Induced Sperm Damage and Testicular Tissue Abnormalities: The Protective Role of Radiofrequency Radiation from Wi-Fi Routers in Rodent Models","volume":"15","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, P., Rai, U., and Singh, R. (2023). Genotoxic Risks to Male Reproductive Health from Radiofrequency Radiation. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040594"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.61186\/ijrr.22.2.329","article-title":"Effect of Wi-Fi Exposure and Edible Bird Nest Supplementation on the Testicular Oxidative Stress Status and Sperm Quality in Male Sprague-Dawley Rat Pups","volume":"22","author":"Jaffar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"322","article-title":"Effects of Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) Exposure on Apoptosis, Sperm Parameters and Testicular Histomorphometry in Rats: A Time Course Study","volume":"17","author":"Shokri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijay, S., Ibrahim, S.F., Osman, K., Zulkefli, A.F., Mat Ros, M.F., Jamaludin, N., Syed Taha, S.M.A., Hairulazam, A., and Jaffar, F.H.F. (2025). Histomorphometry and Sperm Quality in Male Rats Exposed to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi. Reproduction, 169.","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-25-0048"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.36922\/td.1703","article-title":"Effect of 900 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted from Mobile Phone on Testicular Immunity and the Associated Risk of Testicular Germ Cell Tumor","volume":"3","author":"Ok","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tumor Discov."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-024-01774-7","article-title":"Amelioration and Immuno-Modulation by Ashwagandha on Wi-Fi Induced Oxidative Stress in Regulating Reproduction Via Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Male Japanese Quail","volume":"32","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamaludin, N., Ibrahim, S.F., Jaffar, F.H.F., Zulkefli, A.F., and Osman, K. (2025). The Influence of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi Exposure Duration on Sperm Quality and Testicular Histopathology: An Exploration of Peroxidative Injury. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14020179"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12606","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12606","article-title":"Exploring Edible Bird Nest\u2019s Potential in Mitigating Wi-Fi\u2019s Impact on Male Reproductive Health","volume":"23","author":"Maluin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2022.11.004","article-title":"Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by Modern Cellphones on Sperm Motility and Viability: An In Vitro Study","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2023.06121","article-title":"Detrimental Impact of Cell Phone Radiation on Sperm DNA Integrity","volume":"51","author":"Koohestanidehaghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E45951","DOI":"10.32598\/ijmtfm.v14i4.45951","article-title":"The Impact of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Waves on DNA Fragmentation Index and Spermatogenesis-Related Genes Expression in Rats","volume":"14","author":"Zahmatkesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Toxicol. Forensic Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2022.102168","article-title":"Effects of 3.5 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation on Ghrelin, Nesfatin-1, and Irisin Level in Diabetic and Healthy Brains","volume":"126","author":"Bektas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"006","DOI":"10.17352\/ijrro.000044","article-title":"Behavioral Impairments and Biochemical Alterations in Brain Following Exposure to WiFi Radiation and Aluminum in Rats","volume":"7","author":"Haifa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiol. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Waves of Wi-Fi Router on the Hippocampus of Male Rats","volume":"33","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minia J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Shi, Q., Jiang, X., Liu, X., Han, W., Fan, X., Li, P., and Qi, K. (2022). Paternal Preconceptional Diet Enriched with N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Affects Offspring Brain Function in Mice. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.969848"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, X., Li, Y., Gonz\u00e1lez-Lamu\u00f1o, D., Pei, Z., Moser, A.B., Smith, K.D., and Watkins, P.A. (2024). Role of ACSBG1 in Brain Lipid Metabolism and X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Pathogenesis: Insights from a Knockout Mouse Model. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.19.599741"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Lin, W., Wang, Z., Huang, R., Xia, H., Li, Z., Deng, J., Ye, T., Huang, Y., and Yang, Y. (2024). Hormone Regulation in Testicular Development and Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115805"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Marques, P., De Sousa Lages, A., Skorupskaite, K., Rozario, K.S., Anderson, R.A., and George, J.T. (2024). Physiology of GnRH and Gonadotropin Secretion. Endotext [Internet], MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.05.006","article-title":"Electrical Properties of Kisspeptin Neurons and Their Regulation of GnRH Neurons","volume":"36","author":"Piet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111302","article-title":"The KiNG of Reproduction: Kisspeptin\/ NNOS Interactions Shaping Hypothalamic GnRH Release","volume":"532","author":"Delli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13081","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13081","article-title":"The Roles of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B in GnRH Pulse Generation in Humans, and Their Potential Clinical Application","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Q., Kang, Y., Zhang, C., Xie, Y., Wang, C., Liu, J., Yu, C., Zhao, H., and Huang, D. (2022). The Role of Kisspeptin in the Control of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Reproduction. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.925206"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.05.025","article-title":"HPG-Axis Hormones during Puberty: A Study on the Association with Hypothalamic and Pituitary Volumes","volume":"35","author":"Peper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2016.01.001","article-title":"Physiology of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis in the Male","volume":"43","author":"Corradi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-Y., Wu, T., Liu, J.-Y., Gao, P., Li, K.-C., Guo, Q.-Y., Yuan, M., Lang, H.-Y., Zeng, L.-H., and Guo, G.-Z. (2017). 1950MHz Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Inhibits Testosterone Secretion of Mouse Leydig Cells. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010017"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maluin, S.M., Osman, K., Jaffar, F.H.F., and Ibrahim, S.F. (2021). Effect of Radiation Emitted by Wireless Devices on Male Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.732420"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaffar, F.H.F., Osman, K., Hui, C.K., Zulkefli, A.F., and Ibrahim, S.F. (2022). Long-Term Wi-Fi Exposure From Pre-Pubertal to Adult Age on the Spermatogonia Proliferation and Protective Effects of Edible Bird\u2019s Nest Supplementation. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.828578"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0431-1","article-title":"Radiations and Male Fertility","volume":"16","author":"Kesari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.08.001","article-title":"Ultrasound Insertion Loss of Rat Parietal Bone Appears to Be Proportional to Animal Mass at Submegahertz Frequencies","volume":"37","author":"Muller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801798","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1801798","article-title":"Effect of Electromagnetic Waves from Mobile Phones on Spermatogenesis in the Era of 4G-LTE","volume":"2018","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Federal Communications Commission (2023, January 15). Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields and Reassessment of FCC Radiofrequency Exposure Limits and Policies, Available online: https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2020\/04\/01\/2020-02745\/human-exposure-to-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-fields-and-reassessment-of-fcc-radiofrequency."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001210","article-title":"Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 KHz to 300 GHz)","volume":"118","author":"Ziegelberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89519","article-title":"Kisspeptin Modulates Sexual and Emotional Brain Processing in Humans","volume":"127","author":"Comninos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luedde, M., Spehlmann, M.E., Hippe, H.J., Loosen, S.H., Roy, S., Cardenas, D.V., Vucur, M., Frey, N., Koch, A., and Luedde, T. (2018). Serum Levels of Kisspeptin Are Elevated in Critically Ill Patients. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206064"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu009","article-title":"The Kisspeptin-GnRH Pathway in Human Reproductive Health and Disease","volume":"20","author":"Skorupskaite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2016-083","article-title":"The Roles of Kisspeptin Revisited: Inside and Outside the Hypothalamus","volume":"62","author":"Yoshihisa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2020.113618","article-title":"Kisspeptins, New Local Modulators of Male Reproduction: A Comparative Overview","volume":"299","author":"Meccariello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roychoudhury, S., Chakraborty, S., Choudhury, A.P., Das, A., Jha, N.K., Slama, P., Nath, M., Massanyi, P., Ruokolainen, J., and Kesari, K.K. (2021). Environmental Factors-Induced Oxidative Stress: Hormonal and Molecular Pathway Disruptions in Hypogonadism and Erectile Dysfunction. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060837"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, L., Stanton, P., and de Kretser, D.M. (2017). Endocrinology of the Male Reproductive System and Spermatogenesis. Endotext [Internet], MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilie, I.R. (2020). Introduction to Endocrinology, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27382-8"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jangid, P., Rai, U., and Singh, R. (2024). Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiations Interfere with the Leydig Cell Functions In-Vitro. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299017"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Nassar, G.N., and Leslie, S.W. (2023). Testosterone. Physiology, Testosterone, StatPearls [Internet]."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"315","article-title":"Assessment of Function, Histopathological Changes, and Oxidative Stress in Liver Tissue Due to Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiations","volume":"11","author":"Borzoueisileh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105439","article-title":"Human Steroid Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Excretion Are Differentially Reflected by Serum and Urine Steroid Metabolomes: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"194","author":"Schiffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5076271","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5076271","article-title":"Role of Mitochondria in the Oxidative Stress Induced by Electromagnetic Fields: Focus on Reproductive Systems","volume":"2018","author":"Santini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuermann, D., and Mevissen, M. (2021). Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress\u2014Biological Effects and Consequences for Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073772"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(02)00943-7","article-title":"Differential Expression of Vasopressin V1a and V1b Receptors MRNA in the Brain of Renin Transgenic TGR(MRen2)27 and Sprague\u2013Dawley Rats","volume":"59","author":"Kumosa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00532-1","article-title":"The Dysregulation of the Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Adrenal Axis in Diet-Induced Prediabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats","volume":"17","author":"Mosili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Life Technologies Corporation (2011). SYBR\u00ae Green PCR Master Mix and SYBR\u00ae Green RT-PCR Reagents Kit User Guide, Life Technologies Corporation. Available online: https:\/\/assets.thermofisher.com\/TFS-Assets\/LSG\/manuals\/cms_041053.pdf."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T12:36:23Z","timestamp":1779280583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/10\/4582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27104582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27104582","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]}}}