{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T03:08:30Z","timestamp":1788577710314,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apitherapy is a complementary therapeutic approach based on the use of bee-derived products, particularly bee venom (BV), also known as apitoxin. Bee venom is a complex mixture of biologically active compounds, including peptides, enzymes, and biogenic amines, that exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. Major bioactive constituents such as melittin, apamin, adolapin, and phospholipase A2 have attracted increasing scientific interest due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, and immunomodulatory properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological effects and therapeutic potential of bee venom in the management of chronic diseases, particularly diabetes, cancer, and neurological disorders. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies suggests that BV and its components can modulate multiple molecular pathways associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune responses. These mechanisms contribute to potential benefits in glycemic control, tumor suppression, neuroprotection, and pain management. Additionally, bee venom has been investigated for its capacity to influence signaling pathways involved in cellular proliferation and survival, highlighting its potential as a complementary strategy in the treatment of complex diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases. Despite these promising therapeutic effects, the clinical use of BV remains limited due to safety concerns, particularly the risk of allergic reactions, systemic toxicity, and anaphylaxis. Recent advances in drug delivery systems and nanotechnology may help improve the safety and efficacy of BV-based therapies by enabling targeted delivery and controlled dosing. Overall, bee venom represents a promising source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in translational and integrative medicine; however, further well-designed clinical trials and mechanistic studies are necessary to establish its safety, efficacy, and long-term therapeutic value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T09:17:09Z","timestamp":1779441429000},"page":"4661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From Toxin to Therapy: Biomedical Applications of Bee Venom in Cancer, Diabetes, and Neurodegenerative Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6727-051X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassyane de Amorim","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Valenhes","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano C.","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elen L.","family":"Guiguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Mar\u00edlia (FATEC), Mar\u00edlia 17500-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Curi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia Gabaldi","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everton Salgado","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioallergy-Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, FMUSP, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luiz","family":"Yanaguizawa Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Pithon-Curi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Carlos","family":"de Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Faculty of Education & Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Program in Public Health and Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4715-6160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila de Oliveira","family":"Marcondes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIMAR Charity Hospital, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Maria","family":"Barbalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Mar\u00edlia (FATEC), Mar\u00edlia 17500-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"UNIMAR Charity Hospital, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7477-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor E.","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, University Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Mar\u00edlia 17525-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Miglino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehbe, R., Frangieh, J., Rima, M., El Obeid, D., 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