{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:28:14Z","timestamp":1785432494579,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009882","name":"Lombardy Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant 19364\/RCC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 19364\/RCC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Grant 19364\/RCC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 19364\/RCC"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020dw9k11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is a major global health challenge characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and an increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Although sex-related differences in inflammatory and redox biomarkers have been reported in obese populations, the molecular mechanisms underlying this heterogeneity remain incompletely understood. In this study, we applied a proteomics-based approach to investigate urinary extracellular vesicles from 45 obese individuals (BMI 30\u201340 kg\/m2; age 50\u201370 years) in order to identify molecular signatures associated with metabolic dysregulation. Shotgun proteomics analysis performed by nanoLC\u2013MS\/MS enabled the identification of 3822 proteins. Hierarchical clustering of proteomic profiles revealed two distinct molecular groups, predominantly enriched in males (Group I) and females (Group II). Label-free quantitative analysis identified 466 differentially abundant proteins between the two clusters. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted pathways associated with immune response, metabolic regulation, and redox homeostasis, including glycolysis\/gluconeogenesis, lysosome activity, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and glutathione, cysteine and methionine metabolism. Notably, proteins related to ferroptosis were enriched, suggesting the involvement of iron-dependent oxidative cell death mechanisms in the metabolic imbalance observed in a subset of subjects. Furthermore, the non-enzymatic glycosylation of urinary proteins was significantly higher in Group I compared with Group II (p = 0.0002), indicating increased formation of advanced glycation products in individuals with a more pronounced pro-oxidant state. Preliminary follow-up data suggested a higher incidence of pathological events, including cardiovascular complications, among individuals belonging to Group I. Overall, these findings demonstrate that urinary proteomic profiling can identify distinct molecular phenotypes among obese individuals and highlight oxidative stress, ferroptosis, and protein glycation as potential determinants of metabolic vulnerability, supporting the use of non-invasive proteomic approaches for improved risk stratification in obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T13:12:08Z","timestamp":1779455528000},"page":"4678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Proteomics-Based Stratification of Obese Subjects Allows for a Second Selective Level Beyond Gender Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2833-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaello","family":"Vigan\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Segrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonica","family":"Campolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), ASST GOM Niguarda, Piazza dell\u2019Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9532-175X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Segrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7143-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Di Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Segrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Corradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutritional Unit, ASST GOM Niguarda, Piazza dell\u2019Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Parolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), ASST GOM Niguarda, Piazza dell\u2019Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Dellanoce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), ASST GOM Niguarda, Piazza dell\u2019Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Tarlarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutritional Unit, ASST GOM Niguarda, Piazza dell\u2019Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5651-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Iadarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotecnologies \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8554-2401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), ASST GOM Niguarda, Piazza dell\u2019Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemical-Clinical and Microbiological Analyses, ASST GOM Niguarda, Piazza dell\u2019Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4364-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Mauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Segrate, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Endotypes in Oncology Metabolism and Immunology \u201cG. Salvatore\u201d (IEOMI-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/4678\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T13:13:06Z","timestamp":1779455586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/4678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27114678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27114678","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]}}}