{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T02:03:32Z","timestamp":1779674612094,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico-Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","award":["DGAPA-PAPIIT, IA203724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGAPA-PAPIIT, IA203724"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico-Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","award":["DGAPA-PAPIIT, IN-207726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGAPA-PAPIIT, IN-207726"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico-Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","award":["DGAPA-PAPIIT, IN204225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGAPA-PAPIIT, IN204225"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common metabolic\u2013endocrine disorders affecting women of reproductive age and represents a significant public health concern due to its clinical heterogeneity. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology, and is frequently associated with hyperinsulinemia, obesity, dyslipidemia, chronic low-grade inflammation, and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Conventional treatments, including combined oral contraceptives, metformin, and ovulation-inducing agents, primarily target symptoms and present limitations in efficacy, tolerability, and their ability to address underlying metabolic dysfunction. In this context, naturally derived bioactive compounds have emerged as promising complementary therapeutic strategies. Various phytochemicals exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and reproductive axis-modulating effects by targeting key molecular pathways involved in insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and follicular dysfunction. Emerging preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that these compounds may improve metabolic, hormonal, and reproductive outcomes in women with PCOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T01:45:08Z","timestamp":1779673508000},"page":"4715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural Bioactive Compounds in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Properties, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5575-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Linares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Medical Surgeon Career, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Vieyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction Research Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Nursing Career, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Chaparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3649-8862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta-Azucena","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyra de los Angeles","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza Campus III, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ex F\u00e1brica de San Manuel 8-A, Comunidad de San Miguel Contla, M\u00e9xico City 90640, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5597-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos-Camilo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Surgeon Career, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Chronobiology of Reproducci\u00f3n Research Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Laboratorio de Neuroinmuno-Endocrinolog\u00eda, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7799-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor-Manuel","family":"Mac\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Surgeon Career, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Morales-Ledesma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad463","article-title":"Recommendations From the 2023 International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"108","author":"Teede","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab232","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Quality Assessment Study","volume":"106","author":"Wattar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250021","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-25-0021","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Origins and Implications: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Metabolic Adaptation","volume":"169","author":"Dumesic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, J., O\u2019Brien, C., Hawrelak, J., and Gersh, F.L. (2022). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031336"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0437","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Combined Oral Contraceptives, and the Risk of Dysglycemia: A Population-Based Cohort Study with a Nested Pharmacoepidemiological Case-Control Study","volume":"44","author":"Kumarendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0832-1","article-title":"New Perspectives on the Definition and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Pasquali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1071","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa839","article-title":"Update on PCOS: Consequences, Challenges, and Guiding Treatment","volume":"106","author":"Hoeger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2022.04.234","article-title":"Immune Regulation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"531","author":"Luan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2019.1576522","article-title":"Hyperandrogenic Origins of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome\u2014Implications for Pathophysiology and Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Abbott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02625-7","article-title":"Brief Insight into the Etiology, Genetics, and Immunology of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"39","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoz011","article-title":"Evolutionary Origins of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Environmental Mismatch Disorder","volume":"2019","author":"Charifson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1104","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): The Hypothesis of PCOS as Functional Ovarian Hyperandrogenism Revisited","volume":"37","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeghi, H.M., Adeli, I., Calina, D., Docea, A.O., Mousavi, T., Daniali, M., Nikfar, S., Tsatsakis, A., and Abdollahi, M. (2022). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Management, and Drug Repurposing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020583"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.11.003","article-title":"Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Correlation between Hyperandrogenism, Insulin Resistance and Obesity","volume":"502","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-020-0616-z","article-title":"Quercetin and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current Evidence and Future Directions: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Pourteymour","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1036","article-title":"The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation","volume":"36","author":"Mueller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0013","article-title":"The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"170","article-title":"CYP19A1 Promoters Activity in Human Granulosa Cells: A Comparison between PCOS and Normal Subjects","volume":"24","author":"Hashemain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16057","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.57","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Azziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2298","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae910","article-title":"Approach to the Patient: Diagnostic Challenges in the Workup for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Joham","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-022-01091-0","article-title":"Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome across Various Tissues: An Updated Review of Pathogenesis, Evaluation, and Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1034","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Revisited: An Update on Mechanisms and Implications","volume":"33","author":"Dunaif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.04.046","article-title":"Multi-System Reproductive Metabolic Disorder: Significance for the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"228","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahabamunuge, J., Sekula, N.M., Lepore, C., Kudrimoti, M., Upadhyay, A., Alshowaikh, K., Li, H.J., Seifer, D.B., and AlAshqar, A. (2025). The Molecular Basis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Cardiometabolic Correlates: Exploring the Intersection and Its Clinical Implications\u2014A Narrative Review. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030709"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-024-02050-5","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"26","author":"Dubey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2017.1418851","article-title":"The Peripheral Blood Transcriptome Identifies Dysregulation of Inflammatory Response Genes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.04.016","article-title":"Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota (DOGMA)\u2014A Novel Theory for the Development of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Tremellen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms059","article-title":"Circulating Markers of Oxidative Stress and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Murri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8088","article-title":"The Biochemical Basis for Increased Testosterone Production in Theca Cells Propagated from Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Nelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792639","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/792639","article-title":"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Reactive Oxygen Species: How Can ROS Activate MAPK Pathways?","volume":"2011","author":"Son","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Signal Transduct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-10-49","article-title":"The Effects of Oxidative Stress on Female Reproduction: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0532","article-title":"Multiple Signaling Pathways Regulating Steroidogenesis and Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Expression: More Complicated than We Thought","volume":"19","author":"Stocco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2011.12.003","article-title":"Inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Underpinning of Insulin Resistance and Ovarian Dysfunction","volume":"77","year":"2012","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.09.025","article-title":"Physiological Roles of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"48","author":"Sena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2012.01.008","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Homeostasis and Redox Regulation in Cellular Signaling","volume":"24","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.007","article-title":"Exercise Activation of Muscle Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-\u03b3 Coactivator-1\u03b1 Signaling Is Redox Sensitive","volume":"47","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) as Pleiotropic Physiological Signalling Agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w13659","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2012.13659","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species: From Health to Disease","volume":"142","author":"Brieger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-024-01337-0","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Energy Metabolism Abnormalities in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"22","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yifu, P. (2023). Evidence for Causal Effects of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome on Oxidative Stress: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation Study. BMC Med. Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-023-01581-0"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-019-0509-4","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Mitochondrial Dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-015-1136-y","article-title":"Apoptosis in Mammalian Oocytes: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Tiwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063971","article-title":"Clomiphene, Metformin, or Both for Infertility in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"356","author":"Legro","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313517","article-title":"Letrozole versus Clomiphene for Infertility in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"371","author":"Legro","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005070","article-title":"Letrozole Compared with Clomiphene Citrate for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"17455057241311759","article-title":"Update on the Therapeutic Role of Metformin in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Effects on Pathophysiologic Process and Fertility Outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Brand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20590","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020590","article-title":"Efficacy of Clomifene Citrate for the Treatment of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2011.03.024","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Letrozole versus Clomiphene Citrate in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01404-8","article-title":"Comparison of Letrozole and Clomiphene Citrate in Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Gari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, B., Ni, M., and Chen, P. (2025). Effects of Letrozole Combined with Clomiphene in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. BMC Women\u2019s Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-025-03897-8"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palazon, J., and Alcalde, M.A. (2025). Secondary Metabolites in Plants. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14142146"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590801893232","article-title":"Myo-Inositol Administration Positively Affects Hyperinsulinemia and Hormonal Parameters in Overweight Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Genazzani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2011.650660","article-title":"Effects of Myo-Inositol in Women with PCOS: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"28","author":"Unfer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.02.007","article-title":"Resveratrol improves glucose uptake in insulin-resistant adipocytes via Sirt1","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Jia, Y., Meng, S., Luo, Y., Yang, Q., and Pan, Z. (2023). Mechanisms of and Potential Medications for Oxidative Stress in Ovarian Granulosa Cells: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119205"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0528-0","article-title":"Fish oil supplementation and insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0178","article-title":"Criteria for Defining Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a Predominantly Hyperandrogenic Syndrome: An Androgen Excess Society Guideline","volume":"91","author":"Azziz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1039\/c005378c","article-title":"Trends for Diverse Production Strategies of Plant Medicinal Alkaloids","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Alkaloids\u2014Important therapeutic secondary metabolites of plant origins","volume":"2","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adedokun, K.A., Imodoye, S.O., Bello, I.O., Lanihun, A.-A., and Bello, I.O. (2023). Therapeutic Potentials of Medicinal Plants and Significance of Computational Tools in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery. Phytochemistry, Computational Tools and Databases in Drug Discovery, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90593-0.00017-4"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhambhani, S., Kondhare, K.R., and Giri, A.P. (2021). Diversity in Chemical Structures and Biological Properties of Plant Alkaloids. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113374"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092730","article-title":"Alkaloid Biosynthesis: Metabolism and Trafficking","volume":"59","author":"Ziegler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Samanta, D., and Manna, O. (2025). Alkaloids: Exploring Their Diversity, Complexity and Applications. Medicinal Plants and Their Uses, Shashwat."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuura, H.N., and Fett-Neto, A.G. (2015). Plant Alkaloids: Main Features, Toxicity, and Mechanisms of Action. Plant Toxins, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6728-7_2-1"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltani, J. (2016). Secondary Metabolite Diversity of the Genus Aspergillus: Recent Advances. New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63505-1.00035-X"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, P., Kundu, A., Kumar, A., Gupta, M., Lee, B.M., Bhakta, T., Dash, S., and Kim, H.S. (2020). Analysis of Alkaloids (Indole Alkaloids, Isoquinoline Alkaloids, Tropane Alkaloids). Recent Advances in Natural Products Analysis, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816455-6.00015-9"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Grijalva, E.P., L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez, L.X., Contreras-Angulo, L.A., Elizalde-Romero, C.A., and Heredia, J.B. (2020). Plant Alkaloids: Structures and Bioactive Properties. Plant-derived Bioactives, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2361-8_5"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aniszewski, T. (2015). Definition, Typology, and Occurrence of Alkaloids. Alkaloids, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59433-4.00001-8"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"896","article-title":"Alkaloids in foods","volume":"5","author":"Ranjitha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Chem. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-015-0183-5","article-title":"Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Binding Aspects to Functional Proteins, Serum Albumins, Hemoglobin, and Lysozyme","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casciaro, B., Mangiardi, L., Cappiello, F., Romeo, I., Loffredo, M.R., Iazzetti, A., Calcaterra, A., Goggiamani, A., Ghirga, F., and Mangoni, M.L. (2020). Naturally-Occurring Alkaloids of Plant Origin as Potential Antimicrobials against Antibiotic-Resistant Infections. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163619"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabarska, A., Wr\u00f3blewska-\u0141uczka, P., Kukula-Koch, W., \u0141uszczki, J.J., Kalpoutzakis, E., Adamczuk, G., Skaltsounis, A.L., and Stepulak, A. (2021). Palmatine, a Bioactive Protoberberine Alkaloid Isolated from Berberis cretica, Inhibits the Growth of Human Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Cells and Acts Synergistically and Additively with Doxorubicin. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206253"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"83","article-title":"Alkaloids from the Genus Duguetia","volume":"Volume 68","author":"Cassels","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104632","article-title":"Magnoflorine: A Review of Its Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity","volume":"152","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113839","article-title":"Plant Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Berberine","volume":"226","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.23247","article-title":"Role of Plant Derived Alkaloids and Their Mechanism in Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127242","article-title":"Piperine Modulates IR\/Akt\/GLUT4 Pathways to Mitigate Insulin Resistance: Evidence from Animal and Computational Studies","volume":"253","author":"Prasad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Guerrero, P., Panzani, S., Sanmartin, C., Muntoni, C., Taglieri, I., and Venturi, F. (2025). \u201cPepper\u201d: Different Spices, One Name\u2014Analysis of Sensory and Biological Aspects. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30091891"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.17219\/pim\/145512","article-title":"A Critical Review on the Extraction and Pharmacotherapeutic Activity of Piperine","volume":"52","author":"Imran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390601062054","article-title":"Black Pepper and Its Pungent Principle-Piperine: A Review of Diverse Physiological Effects","volume":"47","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S461","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60275-3","article-title":"Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Piper nigrum L","volume":"7","author":"Tasleem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.2024792","article-title":"Therapeutic Spectrum of Piperine for Clinical Practice: A Scoping Review","volume":"63","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72800-6","article-title":"Piperine\u2019s Potential in Treating Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Explored through in-Silico Docking","volume":"14","author":"Francis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153654","article-title":"Berberine Improves Ovulation and Endometrial Receptivity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2013.746314","article-title":"Berberine and Its Derivatives: A Patent Review (2009\u20132012)","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14730","article-title":"Protective Effects of Berberine in a Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mediated via the PI3K\/AKT\/Pathway","volume":"47","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2016.1118060","article-title":"Pharmacological Effects of Berberine and Its Derivatives: A Patent Update","volume":"26","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondanelli, M., Riva, A., Petrangolini, G., Allegrini, P., Giacosa, A., Fazia, T., Bernardinelli, L., Gasparri, C., Peroni, G., and Perna, S. (2021). Berberine Phospholipid Is an Effective Insulin Sensitizer and Improves Metabolic and Hormonal Disorders in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A One-Group Pretest\u2013Post-Test Explanatory Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103665"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1347227","article-title":"Variability in Potency Among Commercial Preparations of Berberine","volume":"15","author":"Funk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X14500669","article-title":"Effects of Berberine in the Gastrointestinal Tract\u2014A Review of Actions and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neag, M.A., Mocan, A., Echeverr\u00eda, J., Pop, R.M., Bocsan, C.I., Cri\u015fan, G., and Buzoianu, A.D. (2018). Berberine: Botanical Occurrence, Traditional Uses, Extraction Methods, and Relevance in Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Hepatic, and Renal Disorders. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00557"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7788.76789","article-title":"Validated HPLC-UV Method for the Determination of Berberine in Raw Herb Daruharidra (Berberis aristata DC), Its Extract, and in Commercially Marketed Ayurvedic Dosage Forms","volume":"1","author":"Pasrija","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Ayurveda Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104544","article-title":"Berberine Decreases Insulin Resistance in a PCOS Rats by Improving GLUT4: Dual Regulation of the PI3K\/AKT and MAPK Pathways","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462068","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2025.2462068","article-title":"Study on the Mechanism of Action of Berberine Combined with Jianpi Yishen Huazhuo Formulation in Treating Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Activating PI3K\/AKT Signaling Pathway","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00684-y","article-title":"Berberine Exerts a Protective Effect on Rats with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Inhibiting the Inflammatory Response and Cell Apoptosis","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24338","article-title":"Effects of Berberine on Glucolipid Metabolism among Dehydroepiandrosterone-Induced Rats of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Insulin-Resistance","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155456","article-title":"Berberine Alleviates Inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Inhibiting Hyaluronan Synthase 2 Expression","volume":"128","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v19i9.23","article-title":"Effect of Berberine on Hyperandrogenemia, Ovulation Dysfunction and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2023.2222828","article-title":"Computational Investigation of Four Isoquinoline Alkaloids against Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Moka","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, T., Lord, J.M., Norman, R.J., Yasmin, E., and Balen, A.H. (2012). Insulin-Sensitising Drugs (Metformin, Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone, D-Chiro-Inositol) for Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Oligo Amenorrhoea and Subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD003053.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003053.pub5"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey256","article-title":"Recommendations from the International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Teede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0616","article-title":"A Clinical Study on the Short-Term Effect of Berberine in Comparison to Metformin on the Metabolic Characteristics of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Li, C., Pan, P., Chen, X., Wu, X., Ng, E.H.Y., and Yang, D. (2015). A Single Arm Pilot Study of Effects of Berberine on the Menstrual Pattern, Ovulation Rate, Hormonal and Metabolic Profiles in Anovulatory Chinese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144072"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5603\/gpl.95138","article-title":"The Role of Berberine in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome\u2014A Summary of Knowledge","volume":"95","author":"Jurgiel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, W., Su, F., Wang, G., Peng, Z., Xu, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, N., Hou, K., Hu, Z., and Chen, Y. (2022). Glucose-Lowering Effect of Berberine on Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1015045"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12294","article-title":"The Use of Berberine for Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Undergoing IVF Treatment","volume":"80","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuang, H., Duan, Y., Li, D., Xu, Y., Ai, W., Li, W., Wang, Y., Liu, S., Li, M., and Liu, X. (2020). The Role of Serum Inflammatory Cytokines and Berberine in the Insulin Signaling Pathway among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235404"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-5-6","article-title":"Metformin: An Old but Still the Best Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Rojas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2005.09.003","article-title":"Biogenesis, Molecular Regulation and Function of Plant Isoprenoids","volume":"44","author":"Bouvier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devarenne, T.P. (2009). Terpenoids: Higher. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (eLS), Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0001916.pub2"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03449.x","article-title":"Terpenoid Biomaterials","volume":"54","author":"Bohlmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergman, M.E., Davis, B., and Phillips, M.A. (2019). Medically Useful Plant Terpenoids: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, and Mechanism of Action. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213961"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2020.110457","article-title":"Advances in Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Metabolic Engineering of Plant Specialized Terpenoids","volume":"294","author":"Nagegowda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7288","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2045559","article-title":"Progress in Biological Activities and Biosynthesis of Edible Fungi Terpenoids","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Zha, W., Li, W., Wang, J., and You, A. (2023). Advances in the Biosynthesis of Terpenoids and Their Ecological Functions in Plant Resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411561"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanam, S., Mishra, P., Faruqui, T., Alam, P., Albalawi, T., Siddiqui, F., Rafi, Z., and Khan, S. (2025). Plant-Based Secondary Metabolites as Natural Remedies: A Comprehensive Review on Terpenes and Their Therapeutic Applications. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1587215"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.383710","article-title":"Lupeol Attenuated the NAFLD and PCOS-Induced Metabolic, Oxidative, Hormonal, Histopathological, and Molecular Injuries in Mice","volume":"18","author":"Malekinejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"e70006","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Terpenoids in Cancer Treatment: Targeting Mitochondrial Pathways","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715206342920241008062115","article-title":"Current Insights into Therapeutic Potential of Terpenoids as Anticancer Agents","volume":"25","author":"Sahoo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Li, Z., Yu, Y., Wang, X., and Zhao, Y. (2025). Natural Compounds in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Hormonal Regulation and Therapeutic Potential. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1520695"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.16.4.275","article-title":"Thymoquinone Ameliorates Some Endocrine Parameters and Histological Alteration in a Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Yaghmaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. BioMed."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.958","article-title":"Thymoquinone Improves Folliculogenesis, Sexual Hormones, Gene Expression of Apoptotic Markers and Antioxidant Enzymes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rat Model","volume":"9","author":"Alaee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23222","article-title":"Thymoquinone Reduces Intracytoplasmic Oxidative Stress and Improves Epigenetic Modification in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mice Oocytes, during In-vitro Maturation","volume":"86","author":"Eini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"882","article-title":"Astragaloside IV Regulates Autophagy-Mediated Proliferation and Apoptosis in a Rat Model of PCOS by Activating the PPAR\u03b3 Pathway","volume":"25","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Cao, Y., Huang, W., Liu, Y., Lu, Y., and Zhao, J. (2021). \u03b2-Sitosterol Ameliorates Endometrium Receptivity in PCOS-Like Mice: The Mediation of Gut Microbiota. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.667130"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Effects of Lupeol and Flutamide on Experimentally-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice","volume":"27","author":"Sadrkhanloo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Investigation of the Effects of Astaxanthin in Experimental Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Rats","volume":"26","author":"Toktay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"688","article-title":"Protective Effect of Astaxanthin and Metformin in the Liver of Rats in Which the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model Was Formed by Giving Letrozole","volume":"26","author":"Tastan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00577-4","article-title":"The Effect of Astaxanthin and Metformin on Oxidative Stress in Granulosa Cells of BALB C Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10618","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4597","article-title":"Synergistic Effect and Mechanism of Combined Astaxanthin and Curcumin Administration on Ovarian Function in PCOS Mice","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.09.011","article-title":"Astaxanthin Attenuates Neuroinflammation Contributed to the Neuropathic Pain and Motor Dysfunction Following Compression Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"143","author":"Fakhri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155932582092676","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325820926765","article-title":"Effects of Astaxanthin on Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in a Mouse Model of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105479","article-title":"Therapeutic Uses of Natural Astaxanthin: An Evidence-Based Review Focused on Human Clinical Trials","volume":"166","author":"Donoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Gupta, R.C., Lall, R., and Srivastava, A. (2021). Astaxanthin: Health Benefits and Toxicity. Nutraceuticals: Efficacy, Safety and Toxicity, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28956-8","article-title":"Astaxanthin Treatment Ameliorates ER Stress in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"13","author":"Jabarpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8037","article-title":"Astaxanthin Supplementation Impact on Insulin Resistance, Lipid Profile, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients: A Triple-blind Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"38","author":"Jabarpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01504-0","article-title":"Astaxanthin Treatment Decreases Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Improves Reproductive Outcomes in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"32","author":"Fereidouni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2024.01036","article-title":"Astaxanthin Compound Nutrient Improved Insulin Resistance, Hormone Levels, Embryo Quality and Pregnancy Outcomes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients Undergoing in Vitro\/Fertilization\/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection","volume":"18","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230421187786","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X16666201110125906","article-title":"Nigella sativa (Black Seeds), A Potential Herb for the Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Hypertension\u2014A Review","volume":"17","author":"Maideen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2023.26.1.1","article-title":"A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Studies on the Therapeutic Potential of Black Seeds (Nigella sativa) in the Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"26","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_364_22","article-title":"Black Seeds (Nigella sativa) Medical Application and Pharmaceutical Perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Ferizi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"49","article-title":"Comparing the Effect of Nigella sativa Oil Soft Gel and Placebo on Oligomenorrhea, Amenorrhea and Laboratory Characteristics in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Naeimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000360101","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Cordero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Syndromol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12539","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation: Efficacy, Safety, and Formulation Challenges","volume":"19","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"50","article-title":"The Role of Coenzyme Q10 in Skin Aging and Opportunities for Topical Intervention: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Lain","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2021.1991910","article-title":"The Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles and Parameters of Mental Health in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Karamali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2020.1779689","article-title":"The Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Inflammatory and Endothelial Dysfunction Markers in Overweight\/Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients","volume":"37","author":"Taghizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"319","article-title":"Hormonal and Metabolic Effects of Coenzyme Q10 and\/or Vitamin E in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Izadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"177","article-title":"Effect of Administrating Coenzyme Q10 with Clomiphene Citrate on Ovulation Induction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Cases with Resistance to Clomiphene Citrate: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"23","author":"Izhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"393","article-title":"Phenolics in Human Health","volume":"5","author":"Ozcan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64179-3.00003-7","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds: A Good Choice Against Chronic Degenerative Diseases","volume":"Volume 59","year":"2018","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"e2103","article-title":"Total Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Solid-State Fermentation of Apple Bagasse (Malus domestica Borkh., Var. Panochera)","volume":"23","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cienc. Tecnol. Agropecu."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902107d","article-title":"Interaction between Phenolics and Gut Microbiota: Role in Human Health","volume":"57","author":"Selma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.08.002","article-title":"Vanillic Acid Exerts Oestrogen-like Activities in Osteoblast-like UMR 106 Cells through MAP Kinase (MEK\/ERK)-Mediated ER Signaling Pathway","volume":"144","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1389938","article-title":"Anti-Allergic Inflammatory Effect of Vanillic Acid through Regulating Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Secretion from Activated Mast Cells","volume":"32","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13965-6","article-title":"Spectroscopic, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Studies of Vanillic Acids","volume":"15","author":"Swislocka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2024.101953","article-title":"Protective Effects of Vanillic Acid on Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Comprehensive Study in Female Wistar Rats","volume":"32","author":"Gadhave","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.11.005","article-title":"Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathways in Plants: Versatile Targets for Metabolic Engineering","volume":"38","author":"Nabavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132531","article-title":"Plant Flavonoids: Classification, Distribution, Biosynthesis, and Antioxidant Activity","volume":"383","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudrapal, M., Khan, J., Dukhyil, A.A.B., Alarousy, R.M.I.I., Attah, E.I., Sharma, T., Khairnar, S.J., and Bendale, A.R. (2021). Chalcone Scaffolds, Bioprecursors of Flavonoids: Chemistry, Bioactivities, and Pharmacokinetics. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237177"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tena, N., Mart\u00edn, J., and Asuero, A.G. (2020). State of the Art of Anthocyanins: Antioxidant Activity, Sources, Bioavailability, and Therapeutic Effect in Human Health. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050451"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00399","article-title":"Natural and Synthetic Flavylium-Based Dyes: The Chemistry Behind the Color","volume":"122","author":"Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12351","article-title":"The Bioavailability, Transport, and Bioactivity of Dietary Flavonoids: A Review from a Historical Perspective","volume":"17","author":"Williamson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"96","article-title":"Flavonoids in Our Foods: A Short Review","volume":"3","author":"Guven","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, A., Munir, S., Badshah, S.L., Khan, N., Ghani, L., Poulson, B.G., Emwas, A.-H., and Jaremko, M. (2020). Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225243"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, S., Sengupta, P., Rao, S., Elgarawany, G.E., Samrot, A.V., Rosas, I.M., and Roychoudhury, S. (2025). Targeting Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Pathophysiology with Flavonoids: From Adipokine\u2013Cytokine Crosstalk to Insulin Resistance and Reproductive Dysfunctions. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18101575"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.6.1266","article-title":"Insulin Sensitivity, Insulin Secretion, and Metabolic and Hormonal Parameters in Healthy Women and Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Vauhkonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2060","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol: The in Vivo Evidence","volume":"5","author":"Baur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10152","article-title":"Resveratrol: A Review of Plant Sources, Synthesis, Stability, Modification and Food Application","volume":"100","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1091482","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositide 3-Kinase Inhibition: A New Potential Target for the Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-018-0400-5","article-title":"Therapeutic Potentials of Quercetin in Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Using Letrozole Induced Rat Model: A Histological and a Biochemical Study","volume":"11","author":"Jahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2021.108936","article-title":"The Anti-Androgenic Effect of Quercetin on Hyperandrogenism and Ovarian Dysfunction Induced in a Dehydroepiandrosterone Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"177","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240034","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-24-0034","article-title":"Myricetin Ameliorates Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice by Brown Adipose Tissue Activation","volume":"167","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02165","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202502165","article-title":"In Silico and Experimental Evaluation of Myricetin in Insulin Resistance-Associated PCOS in Rats","volume":"22","author":"Aswal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeber-Lubecka, N., Ciebiera, M., and Hennig, E.E. (2023). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Oxidative Stress\u2014From Bench to Bedside. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814126"},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"1215","article-title":"The Effect of Green Tea Extract on Reproductive Improvement in Estradiol Valerate-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Rat","volume":"14","author":"Ghafurniyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2019.1624715","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Isoflavone-Aglycone Fraction from Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) in Rats with Estradiol Valerate-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as an Inflammatory State","volume":"35","author":"Farkhad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haudum, C., Lindheim, L., Ascani, A., Trummer, C., Horvath, A., M\u00fcnzker, J., and Obermayer-Pietsch, B. (2020). Impact of Short-Term Isoflavone Intervention in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Patients on Microbiota Composition and Metagenomics. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061622"},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"379","article-title":"Genistein Blunted Detrimental Effects of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome on the Ovarian Tissue of Rats by Improving Follicular Development and Gonadotropin Secretion","volume":"26","author":"Khezri","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBRA Assist. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v17i1.3816","article-title":"Antioxidant Effect of Genistein on Ovarian Tissue Morphology, Oxidant and Antioxidant Activity in Rats with Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Rajaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. BioMed."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2020.04231","article-title":"The Effect of Genistein on Insulin Resistance, Inflammatory Factors, Lipid Profile, and Histopathologic Indices in Rats with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Amanat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8800","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00684C","article-title":"Genistein Exhibits Therapeutic Potential for PCOS Mice via the ER-Nrf2-Foxo1-ROS Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2025.30.3.263","article-title":"Anti-Androgenic Effect of Soybean Tempeh Extract in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Raihanah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-022-09932-6","article-title":"Bio-Enhancement of Soy Isoflavones (Genistein & Daidzein) Using Bacillus coagulans in Letrozole Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome by Regulating Endocrine Hormones in Rats","volume":"14","author":"Bulsara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.09.020","article-title":"Is There a Role for Soy Isoflavones in the Therapeutic Approach to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? Results from a Pilot Study","volume":"90","author":"Romualdi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"297","article-title":"Effect of Soy Phytoestrogen on Metabolic and Hormonal Disturbance of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Khani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114594","article-title":"Crocus sativus (Saffron) Petals Extract and Its Active Ingredient, Anthocyanin Improves Ovarian Dysfunction, Regulation of Inflammatory Genes and Antioxidant Factors in Testosterone-Induced PCOS Mice","volume":"282","author":"Moshfegh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behinska, K.M., Balkova, E., Mihal, M., Roychoudhury, S., and Kolesarova, A. (2025). The Therapeutic Potential of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Relating to Female Reproductive Health. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1599688"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4978562","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4978562","article-title":"Chemical Characterization and Ameliorating Effect of Centratherum anthelminticum Extract against Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Wistar Rats","volume":"2023","author":"Shoaib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrera, M.C., Le\u00f3n, S.V.Y., Tolentino, R.G., Fern\u00e1ndez, B.G., and Gonz\u00e1lez, G.D. (2006). Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Nutrition, Biochemistry and Health. J. Biochem. Educ., 72\u201379.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420008500-10"},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"3D","article-title":"Pharmacology of Omega-3 Fatty Acids","volume":"6","author":"Caballero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol. Supl."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3050529","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): An Ancient Nutrient for the Modern Human Brain","volume":"3","author":"Bradbury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"90","article-title":"The Effect of Omega-3 on Human Health and Considerations for Intake","volume":"42","author":"Castellanos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"Castillo, E.C., Gonz\u00e1lez, X., Herrera, G., and Hern\u00e1ndez, \u00d3. (2016). Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake on Cardiovascular and Brain Health and on Several Central Nervous System Diseases. RVCTA, 7."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2026, May 10). Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Available online: http:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Omega3FattyAcids-DatosEnEspanol\/#change."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S200","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707489","article-title":"Endogenous Pro-resolving and Anti-inflammatory Lipid Mediators: A New Pharmacologic Genus","volume":"153","author":"Serhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0870","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Decreases Liver Fat Content in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial Employing Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","volume":"94","author":"Cussons","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00058.x","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation of Gene Expression","volume":"62","author":"Sampath","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.08.002","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Polyunsaturated N-3 Fatty Acids on Dyslipidemia and Insulin Resistance in Rodents and Humans. A Review","volume":"17","author":"Lombardo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507207627","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic Acid Actions on Adiposity and Insulin Resistance in Control and High-Fat-Fed Rats: Role of Apoptosis, Adiponectin and Tumour Necrosis Factor-\u03b1","volume":"97","author":"Marti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-991171","article-title":"Glucose Intolerance Associated to Insulin Resistance and Increased Insulin Secretion in Rats Depleted in Long-Chain \u03a93 Fatty Acids","volume":"39","author":"Cancelas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7397","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01730E","article-title":"Roles of Different N-3\/n-6 PUFA Ratios in Ovarian Cell Development and Steroidogenesis in PCOS Rats","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Sha, L., Li, Y., Zhu, L., Wang, Z., Li, K., Lu, H., Bao, T., Guo, L., and Zhang, X. (2020). Dietary \u03b1-Linolenic Acid-Rich Flaxseed Oil Exerts Beneficial Effects on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Through Sex Steroid Hormones\u2014Microbiota\u2014Inflammation Axis in Rats. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00284"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02519-1","article-title":"Impact of Different Omega-3 Fatty Acid Sources on Lipid, Hormonal, Blood Glucose, Weight Gain and Histopathological Damages Profile in PCOS Rat Model","volume":"18","author":"Komal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2012.751365","article-title":"Efficacy of Omega-3 in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Oner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-122782","article-title":"The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Gene Expression Involved in the Insulin and Lipid Signaling Pathway in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Nasri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8727(02)00172-1","article-title":"Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Platelet Activation Markers and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Hyperlipidemic Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Nomura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.09.011","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 in Patients with Stable Angina","volume":"24","author":"Gajos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najdgholami, Z., Sedgi, F.M., Ghalishourani, S.S., Feyzpour, M., and Rahimlou, M. (2025). Flaxseed Intervention and Reproductive Endocrine Profiles in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Open-Labeled Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1531762"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8671762","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8671762","article-title":"Insulin-Sensitizers, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Gynaecological Cancer Risk","volume":"2016","author":"Lauretta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.05.011","article-title":"Potential Role and Therapeutic Interests of Myo-Inositol in Metabolic Diseases","volume":"95","author":"Croze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201502227","article-title":"The \u201cOther\u201d Inositols and Their Phosphates: Synthesis, Biology, and Medicine (with Recent Advances in Myo-Inositol Chemistry)","volume":"55","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1236078","article-title":"Comparison of Two Insulin Sensitizers, Metformin and Myo-Inositol, in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"33","author":"Fruzzetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol. Off. J. Int. Soc. Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"5512","article-title":"The 40:1 Myo-Inositol\/D-Chiro-Inositol Plasma Ratio Is Able to Restore Ovulation in PCOS Patients: Comparison with Other Ratios","volume":"23","author":"Nordio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2015.1054802","article-title":"Reflections on Inositol(s) for PCOS Therapy: Steps toward Success","volume":"31","author":"Nestler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinicola, S., Unfer, V., Facchinetti, F., Soulage, C.O., Greene, N.D., Bizzarri, M., Lagan\u00e0, A.S., Chan, S.-Y., Bevilacqua, A., and Pkhaladze, L. (2021). Inositols: From Established Knowledge to Novel Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910575"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10553-9","article-title":"Exploring the Role of Myo-Inositol in Alleviating Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome through the AMPK\/GLUT4 Pathway","volume":"52","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13971","article-title":"Efficacy of Myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol Combination on Menstrual Cycle Regulation and Improving Insulin Resistance in Young Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Open-label Study","volume":"158","author":"Kachhawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-03813-9","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy of Combined Myo-Inositol and D-Chiro Inositol versus Metformin across PCOS Phenotypes: Enhancing Ovarian Function, Ovulation, and Stress Response in a Prospective Clinical Trial","volume":"398","author":"Gul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6461254","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6461254","article-title":"Inositol Treatment for PCOS Should Be Science-Based and Not Arbitrary","volume":"2020","author":"Roseff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.5603\/gpl.103763","article-title":"Effect of 40:1 Myo-Inositol\/D-Chiro-Inositol Treatment on Serum Asprosin Levels in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Prospective Randomized Pilot Study","volume":"96","author":"Ozay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.031","article-title":"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"119","author":"VanHise","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geraci, G., Riccio, C., Oliva, F., Gabrielli, D., Colivicchi, F., Grimaldi, M., Facchinetti, F., and Unfer, V. (2025). Women with PCOS Have a Heightened Risk of Cardiometabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases: Statement from the Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research and PCOS (EGOI-PCOS) and Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO). Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1520490"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1586\/eem.12.73","article-title":"Ethnic-Specific Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Epidemiology, Significance and Implications","volume":"8","author":"Wijeyaratne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14757","article-title":"Challenges in Diagnosis and Understanding of Natural History of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Joham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monastra, G., Dinicola, S., and Unfer, V. (2023). Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Inositols. A Clinical Guide to Inositols, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91673-8.00008-X"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamenov, Z., Gateva, A., Dinicola, S., and Unfer, V. (2023). Comparing the Efficacy of Myo-Inositol Plus \u03b1-Lactalbumin vs. Myo-Inositol Alone on Reproductive and Metabolic Disturbances of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13060717"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-018-0411-2","article-title":"Effects of Myo-Inositol plus Alpha-Lactalbumin in Myo-Inositol-Resistant PCOS Women","volume":"11","author":"Buonomo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/4715\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T01:49:02Z","timestamp":1779673742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/4715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"references-count":228,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27114715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27114715","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]}}}