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These include neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, synaptic dysfunction, blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and myelin and axonal damage. Together, they lead to neuronal loss and cognitive decline. In this review, we present a cell-centered framework linking these processes with key molecular markers. Neuroinflammation is driven by activated microglia and astrocytes and is associated with markers such as Iba1, CD68, GFAP, and C3, along with cytokines including IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1. Neuronal cell death occurs through apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, with markers such as caspase-3, GPX4, GSDMD, and MLKL. Synaptic dysfunction is reflected by reduced synaptic proteins, including synaptophysin and PSD-95. BBB breakdown increases permeability and reduces clearance of toxic molecules. Myelin and axonal damage, associated with MBP and NfL, disrupt neural connectivity. These processes are dynamically interconnected and may contribute differently across disease stages. This integrated cell-centered and systems-level framework provides insight into AD progression while highlighting potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T01:45:08Z","timestamp":1779673508000},"page":"4720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Pathological Features and Molecular Markers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8066-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mee-Na","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-Daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, 1035 Dalgubeol-Daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Ho","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, 1035 Dalgubeol-Daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-Daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Bo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-Daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Suk","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-Daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soyoung","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, 1035 Dalgubeol-Daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye Jin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, 1035 Dalgubeol-Daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of 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