{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:42:07Z","timestamp":1790998927856,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with treatment resistance, recurrence, and metastasis significantly limiting the effectiveness of conventional therapies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a minimally invasive and highly selective approach, utilizing photosensitizer-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) to achieve precise tumor cytotoxicity while preserving surrounding healthy tissue. However, clinical translation of PDT remains constrained by critical biological barriers within the tumor microenvironment, including tumor hypoxia, limited light penetration, poor photosensitizer stability, and inefficient cellular uptake. Antigen-targeted liposomal nanocarriers offer a compelling solution by enabling targeted drug delivery and tumor-specific photosensitizer accumulation, prolonged systemic circulation, and enhanced cellular internalization. Their multifunctional architecture uniquely supports combinational therapeutic strategies, integrating PDT with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, gene therapy, X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy (X-PDT) and immune checkpoint blockade, thereby amplifying antitumor efficacy and overcoming drug resistance mechanisms. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in liposome-based PDT for breast cancer, highlighting multimodal therapeutic integration. Special emphasis is placed on preclinical and emerging clinical outcomes, pilot-scale manufacturing considerations, and strategies to minimize immune clearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T10:19:52Z","timestamp":1779877192000},"page":"4763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Liposome-Based Photodynamic Therapy for Breast Cancer: Innovations in Targeted Delivery, Combination Strategies, and Clinical Translation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Nehla","family":"Banu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University of Medical School, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elder","family":"de la Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00edas y Tecnolog\u00edas, Universidad La Salle Baj\u00edo, Le\u00f3n 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8252-5190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Azeem","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University of Medical School, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0040-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica Aplicada y Tecnolog\u00eda Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Apartado Postal 1-1010, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76000, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep Surendra","family":"Panikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University of Medical School, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA"},{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica Aplicada y Tecnolog\u00eda Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Apartado Postal 1-1010, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76000, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01889-y","article-title":"Current advance of nanotechnology in diagnosis and treatment for malignant tumors","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oehler, J.B., Rajapaksha, W., and Albrecht, H. (2024). Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14070723"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202500389","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.202500389","article-title":"Nanomaterial-Based Precision Medicine for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Ndongwe","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemNanoMat"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2020.101052","article-title":"Light-induced liposomes for cancer therapeutics","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, J.H., Rodrigues, J.A., Pimenta, S., Dong, T., and Yang, Z. (2021). Photodynamic Therapy Review: Principles, Photosensitizers, Applications, and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091332"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxnano.2024.100129","article-title":"Nanomedicine: How nanomaterials are transforming drug delivery, bio-imaging, and diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Kurul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Antimisiaris, S.G. (2024). Chapter 6\u2014In vivo fate of liposomes: Biodistribution and cell memsbrane interactions. Liposomes in Drug Delivery, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e66669","article-title":"PEGylation in Pharmaceutical Development: Current Status and Emerging Trends in Macromolecular and Immunotherapeutic Drugs","volume":"16","author":"Santhanakrishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahmy, S.A., Azzazy, H.M., and Schaefer, J. (2021). Liposome Photosensitizer Formulations for Effective Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091345"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"721","article-title":"Breast Cancer: An Overview of Current Therapeutic Strategies, Challenge, and Perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Cancer (Dove Med. Press)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02108-4","article-title":"Breast cancer: Pathogenesis and treatments","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.10.81","article-title":"Stimulation of anti-tumor immunity by photodynamic therapy","volume":"7","author":"Mroz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.100317","article-title":"Overcoming Barriers in Photodynamic Therapy Harnessing Nanogenerators Strategies","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercogliano, M.F., Bruni, S., Mauro, F.L., and Schillaci, R. (2023). Emerging Targeted Therapies for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15071987"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38200-y","article-title":"Predictive biological factors for late survival in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32616-2","article-title":"11 years\u2019 follow-up of trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive early breast cancer: Final analysis of the HERceptin Adjuvant (HERA) trial","volume":"389","author":"Cameron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20598","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR06535K","article-title":"Novel anti-HER2 peptide-conjugated theranostic nanoliposomes combining NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles for NIR-activated bioimaging and chemo-photodynamic therapy against breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Panikar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2021.118143","article-title":"Ligand-targeted Theranostic Liposomes combining methylene blue attached upconversion nanoparticles for NIR activated bioimaging and photodynamic therapy against HER-2 positive breast cancer","volume":"237","author":"Panikar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7979","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00891","article-title":"Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapies: Synergy Opportunities for Nanomedicine","volume":"17","author":"Overchuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2025.107221","article-title":"Photodynamic drug delivery for cancer therapy: Designing liposomes for light-controlled release and enhanced drug efficacy","volume":"213","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agiba, A.M., Arreola-Ram\u00edrez, J.L., Carbajal, V., and Segura-Medina, P. (2024). Light-Responsive and Dual-Targeting Liposomes: From Mechanisms to Targeting Strategies. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29030636"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2023.2226216","article-title":"Liposome bilayer stability: Emphasis on cholesterol and its alternatives","volume":"34","author":"Nsairat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02404-9","article-title":"Application of photodynamic activation of prodrugs combined with phototherapy in tumor treatment","volume":"24","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.108.138123","article-title":"Interplay of unsaturated phospholipids and cholesterol in membranes: Effect of the double-bond position","volume":"95","author":"Vattulainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57985-2","article-title":"Lipid packing and cholesterol content regulate membrane wetting and remodeling by biomolecular condensates","volume":"16","author":"Mangiarotti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03660-z","article-title":"Strategic advances in liposomes technology: Translational paradigm in transdermal delivery for skin dermatosis","volume":"23","author":"Choudhury","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-021-00553-9","article-title":"Lipid-based nanoparticles for photosensitive drug delivery systems","volume":"52","author":"Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.265248","article-title":"Metformin-Induced Receptor Turnover Alters Antibody Accumulation in HER-Expressing Tumors","volume":"64","author":"Panikar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.09.003","article-title":"Fab antibody fragment-functionalized liposomes for specific targeting of antigen-positive cells","volume":"14","author":"Nogueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.22593","article-title":"Human TNF cytokine neutralization with a vNAR from Heterodontus francisci shark: A potential therapeutic use","volume":"5","author":"Sanchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100685","article-title":"Aptamer-functionalized liposomes for drug delivery","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"401","article-title":"Functionalized liposomes for targeted breast cancer drug delivery","volume":"24","author":"Nel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmacrolett.2c00291","article-title":"Liposome-Based Carbohydrate Vaccine for Simultaneously Eliciting Humoral and Cellular Antitumor Immunity","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-409X(94)90013-2","article-title":"Carbohydrate-mediated liposomal targeting and drug delivery","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2508668","article-title":"Trastuzumab Deruxtecan plus Pertuzumab for HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"394","author":"Tolaney","year":"2026","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3798106","article-title":"Human breast cancer: Correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2\/neu oncogene","volume":"235","author":"Slamon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.10.1936","article-title":"Clinical significance of HER-2\/neu oncogene amplification in primary breast cancer. The South Australian Breast Cancer Study Group","volume":"11","author":"Seshadri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407086","article-title":"Trastuzumab Deruxtecan after Endocrine Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"391","author":"Bardia","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi26","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdm220","article-title":"Lapatinib in breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Bilancia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04152.x","article-title":"Doxorubicin encapsulated in liposomes containing surface-bound polyethylene glycol: Pharmacokinetics, tumor localization, and safety in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"36","author":"Northfelt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(01)00330-6","article-title":"Phase III data on Caelyx in ovarian cancer","volume":"37","author":"Muggia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.10.027","article-title":"Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Lipo-Dox) for platinum-resistant or refractory epithelial ovarian carcinoma: A Taiwanese gynecologic oncology group study with long-term follow-up","volume":"101","author":"Chou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.11.73","article-title":"Lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin: An adjuvant to increase the cure rate of radiofrequency ablation in liver cancer","volume":"7","author":"Poon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2010.518198","article-title":"Localised drug release using MRI-controlled focused ultrasound hyperthermia","volume":"27","author":"Staruch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, K., Cortes, J., Hurvitz, S.A., Krop, I.E., Tripathy, D., Verma, S., Riahi, K., Reynolds, J.G., Wickham, T.J., and Molnar, I. (2016). HERMIONE: A randomized Phase 2 trial of MM-302 plus trastuzumab versus chemotherapy of physician\u2019s choice plus trastuzumab in patients with previously treated, anthracycline-na\u00efve, HER2-positive, locally advanced\/metastatic breast cancer. BMC Cancer, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2385-z"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-156","article-title":"First-in-man application of a novel therapeutic cancer vaccine formulation with the capacity to induce multi-functional T cell responses in ovarian, breast and prostate cancer patients","volume":"10","author":"Berinstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00001813-200303000-00008","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin administered i.v. as Myocet (TLC D-99; liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate) compared with conventional doxorubicin when given in combination with cyclophosphamide in patients with metastatic breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Swenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anticancer. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/107327480301000207","article-title":"Overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer: An update on the clinical strategy of inhibiting p-glycoprotein","volume":"10","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64446-X","article-title":"Differentiation between high- and low-grade astrocytoma using a human recombinant antibody to the extra domain-B of fibronectin","volume":"161","author":"Castellani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.1436","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Panitumumab Plus Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Primary HER2-Negative Inflammatory Breast Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Matsuda","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.10.005","article-title":"A drug-delivery strategy for overcoming drug resistance in breast cancer through targeting of oncofetal fibronectin","volume":"13","author":"Saw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obidiro, O., Battogtokh, G., and Akala, E.O. (2023). Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment Options and Limitations: Future Outlook. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.0074.v1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2026.218556","article-title":"Challenges in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment and Therapeutic Potential of the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Pathway","volume":"63","author":"Nand","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueroa, S., Reyes, N., Tiwari, R.K., and Geliebter, J. (2026). Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Emerging Roles of Monoclonal Antibodies and Immune Modulation. Cancers, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18030412"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104683","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment: Challenges and opportunities in targeting metastasis of triple negative breast cancer","volume":"153","author":"Deepak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-024-07607-0","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy as a strategic ally in radiotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer: The importance of treatment order","volume":"210","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB00011K","article-title":"Improved effectiveness of X-PDT against human triple-negative breast cancer cells through the use of liposomes co-loaded with protoporphyrin IX and perfluorooctyl bromide","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, N., Usmani, S.S., Subbarayan, R., Saini, R., and Pandey, P.K. (2023). Hypoxia: Syndicating triple negative breast cancer against various therapeutic regimens. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1199105"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradhan, R., Dey, A., Taliyan, R., Puri, A., Kharavtekar, S., and Dubey, S.K. (2023). Recent Advances in Targeted Nanocarriers for the Management of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010246"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113645","article-title":"Overcoming P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in cancer cells through micelle-forming PHPMA-b-PPO diblock copolymers for doxorubicin delivery","volume":"381","author":"Starenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.1023","article-title":"Trends and developments in liposome drug delivery systems","volume":"90","author":"Lian","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05118-3","article-title":"Controlled gene and drug release from a liposomal delivery platform triggered by X-ray radiation","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.79","article-title":"Clinical development of new drug\u2013radiotherapy combinations","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.07.079","article-title":"Enhanced efficacy of anti-miR-191 delivery through stearylamine liposome formulation for the treatment of breast cancer cells","volume":"530","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR08644J","article-title":"Enhanced delivery of siRNA to triple negative breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo through functionalizing lipid-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles with dual target ligands","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2019.2751","article-title":"Co-delivery of paclitaxel and PLK1-targeted siRNA using aptamer-functionalized cationic liposome for synergistic anti-breast cancer effects in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaidya, A., Wang, H., Qian, V., Gilmore, H., and Lu, Z.R. (2020). Overexpression of Extradomain-B Fibronectin is Associated with Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081826"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subhan, M.A., Filipczak, N., and Torchilin, V.P. (2023). Advances with Lipid-Based Nanosystems for siRNA Delivery to Breast Cancers. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16070970"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.9423","article-title":"Co-delivery of doxorubicin and Bmi1 siRNA by folate receptor targeted liposomes exhibits enhanced anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2013.03.015","article-title":"Phase I\/II trial of nanomolecular liposomal annamycin in adult patients with relapsed\/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"13","author":"Wetzler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.3.12.1739","article-title":"Myocet (liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate): A new approach in breast cancer therapy","volume":"3","author":"Batist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT216","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2014-CT216","article-title":"Abstract CT216: Phase I dose escalating study of 2B3-101, glutathione PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin, in patients with solid tumors and brain metastases or recurrent malignant glioma","volume":"74","author":"Gaillard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00110","article-title":"Recent Advances in Clinically Used and Trialed Photosensitizers for Antitumor Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70092","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2025-00280","article-title":"Boosting Cuproptosis in Breast Cancer Therapy via Photodynamic Treatment With a New Liposome","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"FASEB Bioadv"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.12.889","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"90","author":"Dougherty","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, J., Yuan, Z., and Zhou, M. (2025). Targeted photodynamic therapy: Enhancing efficacy through specific organelle engagement. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1667812"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02140-y","article-title":"Phototherapy in cancer treatment: Strategies and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00599-7","article-title":"Tailoring photosensitive ROS for advanced photodynamic therapy","volume":"53","author":"Sai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2004.05.003","article-title":"Intracellular signaling mechanisms in photodynamic therapy","volume":"1704","author":"Almeida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v15i4.31","article-title":"Autophagy in photodynamic therapy","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03136-y","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy induces autophagy-mediated cell death in human colorectal cancer cells via activation of the ROS\/JNK signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonora, M., and Pinton, P. (2014). The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and cancer: Molecular mechanisms involved in cell death. Front. Oncol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00302"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7438","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c14676","article-title":"A Type I\/II Photosensitizer with Lysosome-Targeting Capabilities Induces Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer Cells to Enhance Tumor Immunotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"2710","article-title":"Lysosomal localization and mechanism of uptake of Nile blue photosensitizers in tumor cells","volume":"51","author":"Lin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200310015","article-title":"Involvement of caspase-4 in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and A\u03b2-induced cell death","volume":"165","author":"Hitomi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13477","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SC02476E","article-title":"A nuclear targeted type-I photosensitizer for anti-tumor therapy","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S146","DOI":"10.2307\/3579816","article-title":"The photobiology of photodynamic therapy: Cellular targets and mechanisms","volume":"150","author":"Oleinick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Han, S., Thapa Magar, T.B., Gurung, P., Lee, J., Seong, D., Park, S., Kim, Y.-W., Jeon, M., and Kim, J. (2024). Efficient Assessment of Tumor Vascular Shutdown by Photodynamic Therapy on Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Using High-Speed Wide-Field Waterproof Galvanometer Scanner Photoacoustic Microscopy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063457"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Han, J., Jin, F., and Du, Y. (2022). Recent Strategies to Address Hypoxic Tumor Environments in Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14091763"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J.W., Kim, D.G., and Cha, G.D. (2025). Multifunctional Liposomes: Smart Nanomaterials for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Biomimetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10100689"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, L., Shen, X., He, Z., and Lu, Y. (2022). The Role of Photodynamic Therapy in Triggering Cell Death and Facilitating Antitumor Immunology. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.863107"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, H., Liao, S., Yao, F., Li, J., Xu, Z., Zhao, K., Xu, X., and Sun, S. (2023). Insight into the Crosstalk between Photodynamic Therapy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051532"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107574","article-title":"The biodistribution of therapeutic proteins: Mechanism, implications for pharmacokinetics, and methods of evaluation","volume":"212","author":"Conner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobol, \u017b., Chiczewski, R., and W\u0105tr\u00f3bska-\u015awietlikowska, D. (2025). Advances in Liposomal Drug Delivery: Multidirectional Perspectives on Overcoming Biological Barriers. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070885"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Huang, Y., Wu, C., Pan, X., Yu, C., Wang, J., Wang, W., and Huang, Z. (2026). Charge Effects: Influence of Surface Charge on Protein Corona Adsorption Behavior on Liposomal Formulations. Pharmaceutics, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18010076"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23773","article-title":"Emerging research and clinical development trends of liposome and lipid nanoparticle drug delivery systems","volume":"103","author":"Kraft","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02180-3","article-title":"Biological function of sialic acid and sialylation in human health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.09.012","article-title":"PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery","volume":"99","author":"Suk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28012","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c06464","article-title":"Transition Temperature-Guided Design of Lipid Nanoparticles for Effective mRNA Delivery","volume":"17","author":"Shin","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2018.06.018","article-title":"Stochastic simulations of nanoparticle internalization through transferrin receptor dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis","volume":"1862","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2023.106688","article-title":"Recent advances and clinical translation of liposomal delivery systems in cancer therapy","volume":"193","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52564","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202152564","article-title":"Putting the brakes on phagocytosis: \u201cdon\u2019t-eat-me\u201d signaling in physiology and disease","volume":"22","author":"Kelley","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.25.1.255-261.1979","article-title":"Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by human immunoglobulin G: Role of immunoglobulin G in phagocytosis by macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Kozel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Felix, B., and Othmer, H.G. (2020). The Roles of Signaling in Cytoskeletal Changes, Random Movement, Direction-Sensing and Polarization of Eukaryotic Cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061437"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-05-0334","article-title":"Fusion between phagosomes, early and late endosomes: A role for actin in fusion between late, but not early endocytic organelles","volume":"15","author":"Kjeken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63676-3","article-title":"Hemocyte phagosomal proteome is dynamically shaped by cytoskeleton remodeling and interorganellar communication with endoplasmic reticulum during phagocytosis in a marine invertebrate, Crassostrea gigas","volume":"10","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.036","article-title":"The cytoskeleton in phagocytosis and macropinocytosis","volume":"31","author":"Mylvaganam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031253","article-title":"Size-dependent internalization of particles via the pathways of clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis","volume":"377","author":"Rejman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-062917-012644","article-title":"Regulation of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis","volume":"87","author":"Mettlen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016725","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016725","article-title":"Molecular structure, function, and dynamics of clathrin-mediated membrane traffic","volume":"6","author":"Kirchhausen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-015-0041-1","article-title":"The endosomal-lysosomal system: From acidification and cargo sorting to neurodegeneration","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, S., Na, J., Liu, X., and Wu, P. (2024). Different Targeting Ligands-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems for Tumor Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16020248"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016758","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016758","article-title":"Clathrin-independent pathways of endocytosis","volume":"6","author":"Mayor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzanares, D., and Ce\u00f1a, V. (2020). Endocytosis: The Nanoparticle and Submicron Nanocompounds Gateway into the Cell. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12040371"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.07.024","article-title":"Unveiling the intricacies of gene delivery: Caveolae-mediated endocytosis induces efficient mRNA delivery in slow-dividing cells","volume":"33","author":"Aerts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.48.121506.124841","article-title":"Caveolae as organizers of pharmacologically relevant signal transduction molecules","volume":"48","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35884","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c03614","article-title":"PET and Optical Imaging of Caveolin-1 in Gastric Tumors","volume":"8","author":"Shmuel","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginini, L., Billan, S., Fridman, E., and Gil, Z. (2022). Insight into Extracellular Vesicle-Cell Communication: From Cell Recognition to Intracellular Fate. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091375"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maddila, S.C., Voshavar, C., Arjunan, P., Chowath, R.P., Rachamalla, H.K.R., Balakrishnan, B., Balasubramanian, P., Banerjee, R., and Marepally, S. (2021). Cholesterol Sequestration from Caveolae\/Lipid Rafts Enhances Cationic Liposome-Mediated Nucleic Acid Delivery into Endothelial Cells. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154626"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-016-0056-z","article-title":"Recent Advances in Immunoliposome-Based Cancer Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Alavizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2007.00062.x","article-title":"Macropinocytosis: Searching for an endocytic identity and role in the uptake of cell penetrating peptides","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.0c00064","article-title":"Stimulating Macropinocytosis for Intracellular Nucleic Acid and Protein Delivery: A Combined Strategy with Membrane-Lytic Peptides To Facilitate Endosomal Escape","volume":"31","author":"Arafiles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10337","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.16.10337","article-title":"Uncoupling of membrane ruffling and pinocytosis during Ras signal transduction","volume":"272","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Zhou, L., Zhai, Y., Sun, A., Shao, G., and Lin, Q. (2025). Macropinocytosis: Both a Target and a Tool for Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15070936"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21935","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: Innovative approaches for antibacterial and anticancer treatments","volume":"43","author":"Kolarikova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsurfi.2025.100529","article-title":"Advances in nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery\u2013A review","volume":"19","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003411","article-title":"Hypoxia-driven angiogenesis in breast cancer mechanisms and therapeutic targets: A narrative review","volume":"87","author":"Obeagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3592","article-title":"Enhancement of tumor lethality of ROS in photodynamic therapy","volume":"10","author":"Ming","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2016.11.003","article-title":"The role of hypoxia-inducible factors in tumor angiogenesis and cell metabolism","volume":"4","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, R., Bai, W., Ye, T., and Wang, S. (2021). Oxygen-Based Nanocarriers to Modulate Tumor Hypoxia for Ameliorated Anti-Tumor Therapy: Fabrications, Properties, and Future Directions. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.683519"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5490","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201600676","article-title":"Modulation of Hypoxia in Solid Tumor Microenvironment with MnO 2 Nanoparticles to Enhance Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MD00887E","article-title":"Endoperoxide delivered singlet oxygen: The future of PDT, without light or oxygen","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"RSC Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.16183","article-title":"Beyond the Barriers of Light Penetration: Strategies, Perspectives and Possibilities for Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Mallidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10154","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR01512K","article-title":"An immunoconjugated up-conversion nanocomplex for selective imaging and photodynamic therapy against HER2-positive breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Panikar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9962","DOI":"10.1039\/C9DT00482C","article-title":"Controlling trapping states on selective theranostic core@shell (NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2-ZrO2) nanocomplexes for enhanced NIR-activated photodynamic therapy against breast cancer cells","volume":"48","author":"Panikar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2209260120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209260120","article-title":"Extracellular matrix physical properties govern the diffusion of nanoparticles in tumor microenvironment","volume":"120","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06306-8","article-title":"Mechanical forces in the tumor microenvironment: Roles, pathways, and therapeutic approaches","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1450","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1450","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive liposomes for drug delivery","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10135","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00161","article-title":"Metal-Based Photosensitizers as Inducers of Regulated Cell Death Mechanisms","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b05151","article-title":"Super-resolution Imaging of Proton Sponge-Triggered Rupture of Endosomes and Cytosolic Release of Small Interfering RNA","volume":"13","author":"Wojnilowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(04)74103-X","article-title":"Oligomerization of fusogenic peptides promotes membrane fusion by enhancing membrane destabilization","volume":"86","author":"Lau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerjes, W., Theodossiou, T.A., Hirschberg, H., H\u00f8gset, A., Weyergang, A., Selbo, P.K., Hamdoon, Z., Hopper, C., and Berg, K. (2020). Photochemical Internalization for Intracellular Drug Delivery. From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Research. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020528"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13955","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S551712","article-title":"Photothermal and Combinatory Therapy as an Emerging Therapeutic Paradigm of Breast Cancer Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S488961","article-title":"Advancements in Liposomal Nanomedicines: Innovative Formulations, Therapeutic Applications, and Future Directions in Precision Medicine","volume":"20","author":"Izadiyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kan, D., Ding, R., Yang, H., Jia, Y., Lei, K., Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Yang, C., Liu, Z., and Xie, F. (2025). Synergistic strategies in photodynamic combination therapy for cancer: Mechanisms, nanotechnology, and clinical translation. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1607259"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2019.112053","article-title":"Theranostic nanocomplex of gold-decorated upconversion nanoparticles for optical imaging and temperature-controlled photothermal therapy","volume":"384","author":"Panikar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23073","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA03359K","article-title":"Harnessing the power of thermosensitive liposomes with gold nanoprisms and silica for controlled drug delivery in combined chemotherapy and phototherapy","volume":"14","author":"Mateo","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR07947E","article-title":"MnO(2)@Ce6-loaded mesenchymal stem cells as an \u201coxygen-laden guided-missile\u201d for the enhanced photodynamic therapy on lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02186-y","article-title":"Photodynamic gel-bombs enhance tumor penetration and downstream synergistic therapies","volume":"10","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03336-8","article-title":"Dual-modality immune nano-activator harnessing Mn(2)+ and quercetin to potentiate the cGAS-STING pathway for advanced cancer metalloimmunotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magadla, A. (2025). Hybrid Nanoplatforms Based on Photosensitizers and Metal\/Covalent Organic Frameworks for Improved Cancer Synergistic Treatment Nano-Delivery Systems. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040884"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6b00079","article-title":"Gold Nanoantenna-Mediated Photothermal Drug Delivery from Thermosensitive Liposomes in Breast Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Ou","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.05.014","article-title":"Tumor-responsive dynamic nanoassemblies for targeted imaging, therapy and microenvironment manipulation","volume":"324","author":"Low","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202500617","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202500617","article-title":"Polydopamine-Based Light Responsive Nanoparticles with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Capabilities for Breast Cancer Photodynamic\/Photothermal Therapy Combination Therapy","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhou, X., Liu, S., Ouyang, A., Su, B., Wang, Z., Lu, J., Chen, X., Huang, Q., and Jin, R. (2026). Augmented Therapeutic Efficacy of Erianin through pH-Responsive Charge-Reversal Liposome Integrated Synergistic PTT and PDT in Breast Cancer. J. Pharm. Anal., 101555.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2026.101555"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiruppathi, J., Vijayan, V., Park, I.K., Lee, S.E., and Rhee, J.H. (2024). Enhancing cancer immunotherapy with photodynamic therapy and nanoparticle: Making tumor microenvironment hotter to make immunotherapeutic work better. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1375767"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000528","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000528","article-title":"Cell death induced by cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells is immunogenic and primes caspase-3-dependent spread immunity against endogenous tumor antigens","volume":"8","author":"Aguilo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2024.113047","article-title":"Liposomal chlorin e6-mediated photodynamic therapy induces cell pyroptosis and promotes anti-tumor immune effects in breast cancer","volume":"261","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00921J","article-title":"X-ray-activated nanosystems for theranostic applications","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.16141","article-title":"X-Ray Induced Photodynamic Therapy: A Combination of Radiotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32054-0","article-title":"Organic phosphorescent nanoscintillator for low-dose X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16823","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900502116","article-title":"X-ray induced photodynamic therapy with copper-cysteamine nanoparticles in mice tumors","volume":"116","author":"Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishizuka, M., Kaibori, M., Sumiyama, F., Okamoto, Y., Suganami, A., Tamura, Y., Yoshii, K., Sugie, T., and Sekimoto, M. (2024). Photodynamic therapy with paclitaxel-encapsulated indocyanine green-modified liposomes for breast cancer. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1365305"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02838-1","article-title":"Preparation and effects of functionalized liposomes targeting breast cancer tumors using chemotherapy, phototherapy, and immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6964","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b02306","article-title":"Redox-Activated Porphyrin-Based Liposome Remote-Loaded with Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Inhibitor for Synergistic Photoimmunotherapy through Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death and Blockage of IDO Pathway","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119755","article-title":"Catalase-based liposomal for reversing immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and enhanced cancer chemo-photodynamic therapy","volume":"233","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, P.-T., Lin, C.-L., Lin, C.-W., Chang, N.-C., Tsai, W.-B., and Yu, J. (2019). Methylene-Blue-Encapsulated Liposomes as Photodynamic Therapy Nano Agents for Breast Cancer Cells. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9010014"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07525","article-title":"Theranostic Liposomes with Hypoxia-Activated Prodrug to Effectively Destruct Hypoxic Tumors Post-Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2023.108616","article-title":"Photo-manipulated polyunsaturated fatty acid-doped liposomal hydrogel for flexible photoimmunotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102992","article-title":"Target selectivity of cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine liposome loaded with phthalocyanine for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment by photodynamic therapy","volume":"39","author":"Rezende","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.34133\/research.1114","article-title":"Dual Sensitization Enables Synergistic Photodynamic Therapy and Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-026-04349-4","article-title":"A novel humanized immune stroma PDX cancer model for therapeutic studies","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108108","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in metastatic breast cancer treatments: Nano-drug combinations delivered preferentially to metastatic cells may enhance therapeutic response","volume":"236","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2502315","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202502315","article-title":"Nanoparticle Therapeutics in Clinical Perspective: Classification, Marketed Products, and Regulatory Landscape","volume":"21","author":"Desai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70001","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.70001","article-title":"Regulatory Guidelines for the Analysis of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins","volume":"31","author":"Elsayed","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parvin, N., Aslam, M., Alam, M.N., and Mandal, T.K. (2025). Nanotechnology Driven Innovations in Modern Pharmaceutics: Therapeutics, Imaging, and Regeneration. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15221733"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102660","article-title":"Recent advances in cancer nanomedicine: From smart targeting to personalized therapeutics\u2014Pioneering a new era in precision oncology","volume":"36","author":"Younas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.10.065","article-title":"Leveraging machine learning to streamline the development of liposomal drug delivery systems","volume":"376","author":"Eugster","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39736","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c06627","article-title":"Microfluidic Manufacturing of Liposomes: Development and Optimization by Design of Experiment and Machine Learning","volume":"14","author":"Rebollo","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez, F.D., Monferrer, D., Penon, O., and Rivera-Gil, P. (2025). Regulatory pathways and guidelines for nanotechnology-enabled health products: A comparative review of EU and US frameworks. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544393"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/4763\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T10:20:26Z","timestamp":1779877226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/4763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":180,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27114763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27114763","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]}}}