{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:21:29Z","timestamp":1790216489805,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hebei Postgraduate Innovation Ability  Funding Project","award":["CXZZSS2025087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZZSS2025087"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008238","name":"Hebei Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C2024402023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2024402023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["C2024402023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2024402023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a7g7f24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnancy modulates the function of the thyroid gland to facilitate maternal immune tolerance, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) subunits, the I\u03baB family, and toll-like receptors (TLRs) and complement signaling pathways may be implicated in maternal thyroid immunoregulation. However, it is unclear whether early pregnancy modulates the expression of NF-\u03baB subunits, the I\u03baB family, TLRs, and complement components in the maternal thyroid. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of early pregnancy on the expression of genes and proteins of these signaling pathways in the maternal thyroid in ewes. In this study, ovine thyroids (n = 6 for each group) were sampled on day 16 of the estrous cycle (N16) and on days 13, 16, and 25 of pregnancy (P13, P16, and P25) with one conceptus. The ewes had an average weight of 41 kg and a body condition score of 3. The mRNA and protein expression of the NF-\u03baB subunits and I\u03baB family were analyzed by RT-qPCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the expression of all NF-\u03baB subunits, the I\u03baB family, and TLRs, as well as C1q, C1r, C2, C4a, C5b, and C9, peaked at P16 among these four stages (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, C1s expression was greater at N16 and P16 than at P13 and P25 (p &lt; 0.05), and C3 expression was stronger at P16 and P25 compared to N16 and P13 (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, early pregnancy modulates the expression of NF-\u03baB subunits, the I\u03baB family, TLRs, and complement components in the ovine thyroid at both the mRNA and protein levels, which may be essential for maternal thyroid adaptation to pregnancy and beneficial for the prevention of pregnancy-related thyroid diseases in ewes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T13:28:21Z","timestamp":1779802101000},"page":"4791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modulation of NF-\u03baB and TLR Signaling Pathways and Complement Components in Ovine Maternal Thyroid During Early Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8612-8325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4385-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-020-09677-1","article-title":"Anatomical and physiological alterations of pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Kazma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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