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Advances in the fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification have emphasized the integration of histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features, fundamentally transforming diagnostic and prognostic frameworks in neuro-oncology. This manuscript aims to provide an overview of CNS tumor biology, focusing on key diagnostic markers, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and emerging therapeutic strategies. It further describes recent advances in multi-omics approaches and artificial intelligence, which enable deeper characterization of tumor heterogeneity and support the development of precision medicine strategies. Finally, current and emerging therapeutic modalities, including combination therapies, targeted treatments, and novel molecular targets, are examined with emphasis on overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving clinical outcomes. 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