{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:01:09Z","timestamp":1780639269496,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":377,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As chronic lead (Pb) exposure is a serious threat to public health in many countries, we intended to provide a review of the effective antidote for Pb intoxication. In this context, we explored the recent literature focusing on animal studies that provide clear evidence of the efficacy of supplementation with certain antioxidants, such as spirulina, curcumin, garlic, vitamin C, and vitamin E, for different periods of time, in the conditions of Pb exposure, drawing attention to the mechanisms of their beneficial action. Data collected clearly indicate that spirulina, curcumin, garlic, vitamin C, and vitamin E may play an important role in alleviating some of the toxic effects caused by Pb. Their use may represent an interesting direction in the development of new therapies to combat the toxicity of this toxic, non-essential metal. However, it seems essential to identify a safe dose range for these antioxidants in order to derive benefits from their properties during Pb intoxication. Clinical trials seem to be necessary to recognize the long-term effects of supplementation with these antioxidants and to establish the minimum effective dose with minimal side effects. Future studies are also required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of action of spirulina, curcumin, garlic, vitamin C, and vitamin E against Pb toxicity and the mechanisms of their interactions with chelating agents to enhance potential beneficial effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:45:08Z","timestamp":1780404308000},"page":"4881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential Antidote Against Lead Toxicity\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3917-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Romanowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, \u017bwirki i Wigury St. 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1724-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u015acibior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w St. 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4057-7333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Radko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska St. 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"M\u0119cik-Kronenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Collegium Medicum im. Dr. W\u0142adys\u0142aw Biega\u0144ski, Jan D\u0142ugosz University, Washington St. 4\/8, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2010.12.002","article-title":"Environmental and occupational exposure to lead as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"31","author":"Andrzejak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1021\/es202800z","article-title":"Development of lead source-specific exposure standards based on aggregate exposure assessment: Bayesian inversion from biomonitoring information to multipathway exposure","volume":"46","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Duan, X.L. (2016). Highlights of the Chinese Exposure Factors Handbook (Children), China Environmental Science Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07317","article-title":"Lead distribution in urban soil in a medium-sized city: Household scale analysis","volume":"55","author":"Gyasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triantafyllidou, S., Burkhardt, J., Tully, J., Cahalan, K., DeSantis, M., Lytle, D., and Schock, M. (2021). Variability and sampling of lead (Pb) in drinking water: Assessing potential human exposure depends on the sampling protocol. Environ. Int., 146.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106259"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Liu, L., Zhan, N., Qin, J., Lu, X., and Cheng, M. (2021). Assessment of the risks from dietary lead exposure in China. J. Hazard Mater., 418.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126134"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000889","article-title":"Control of lead sources in the United States, 1970-2017: Public Health Progress and Current Challenges to Eliminating Lead Exposure","volume":"25","author":"Dignam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Public Health Manag. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olufemi, A.C., Mji, A., and Mukhola, M.S. (2022). Potential health risks of lead exposure from early life through later life: Implications for public health education. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316006"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabolude, G., Knoble, C., Vu, A., and Yu, D. (2025). Beyond mining: A pioneer attempt to assessing lead exposure risks in Nigeria. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 114.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2025.107923"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A96","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.122-A96","article-title":"Lead-based decorative paints: Where are they still sold-and why?","volume":"122","author":"Kessler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, N., Huang, Y., Li, M., Zhou, L., and Jin, H. (2022). Trends in global burden of diseases attributable to lead exposure in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1036398"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S635","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307005","article-title":"A historical perspective on the CDC childhood lead poisoning prevention program","volume":"112","author":"Allwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u0103dulescu, A., and Lundgren, S. (2019). A pharmacokinetic model of lead absorption and calcium competitive dynamics. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50654-7"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Atlanta, G.A. (2021). Toxicokinetics, susceptible populations, biomarkers, chemical interactions, Chapter 3, Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Villalva, A., Rojas-Lemus, M., L\u00f3pez-Valdez, N., Bizarro-Nevares, P., Morales-Ricardes, G., Casarrubias-Tabarez, B., Cervantes-Valencia, M.E., Ustarroz-Cano, M., Garc\u00eda-Pel\u00e1ez, I., and Fortoul, T.I. (2025). Lead systemic toxicity: A persistent problem for health. Toxicology, 515.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154163"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Kabata-Pendias, A., and Pendias, H. (1993). Biogeochemia Pierwiastk\u00f3w \u015aladowych, Wydawnictwo naukowe PWN."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24255","article-title":"Sinapic acid protects against lead acetate-induced lung toxicity by reducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress damage","volume":"39","author":"Akaras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2017.5","article-title":"Lead exposure, IgE, and the risk of asthma in children","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105786","article-title":"Cancer incidence among workers with blood lead measurements in two countries","volume":"76","author":"Steenland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonick, H.C. (2011). Lead-binding proteins: A review. J. Toxicol., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/686050"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collin, M.S., Venkatraman, S.K., Vijayakumar, N., Kanimozhi, V., Arbaaz, S.M., Stacey, R.G.S., Anusha, J., Choudhary, R., Lvov, V., and Tovar, G.I. (2022). Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on human: A review. J. Hazard. Mater. Adv., 7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2022.100094"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"LE01","article-title":"Human exposure to lead, mechanism of toxicity and treatment strategy\u2014A review","volume":"14","author":"Sangeetha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201000044","article-title":"Structural changes of human serum albumin in response to a low concentration of heavy ions","volume":"3","author":"Saha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"624","article-title":"Albumin is an interface between blood plasma and cell membrane, and not just a sponge","volume":"15","author":"Joles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.05.018","article-title":"Binding between lead ions and the high-abundance serum proteins","volume":"112","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_271_20","article-title":"Blood lead levels among the occupationally exposed workers and its effect on calcium and vitamin D metabolism: A case-control study","volume":"9","author":"Batra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantor, A.G., McDonagh, M.S., Blazina, I., Griffin, J., Grusing, S., and Hendrickson, R. (2019). Screening for elevated blood lead levels in pregnant women: A systematic review for the U.S, Preventive Services Task Force [Internet], Report No.: 18-05245-EF-2.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.1004"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2026, April 09). MedlinePlus [Internet]; [updated 24 June 2020 by Jacob Berman]; Lead levels\u2014Blood [Reviewed 5\/19\/2025 by David C. Dugdale]; National Library of Medicine (US): Bethesda, MD, USA, 2020, Available online: https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.03.001","article-title":"Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease","volume":"283","author":"Jomova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Peterson, M.E., and Talcott, A.P. (2013). Lead. In Small Animal Toxicology, W.B. Saunders. [3rd ed.]. Chapter 53."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Casas, J.S., and Sordo, J. (2006). Environmental occurrence, health effects and management of lead poisoning. Lead\u2014Chemistry, Analytical Aspects, Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Elsevier Science B.V.. Chapter 4."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2021.2022053","article-title":"Hidden toxins: Bathtubs as a potential source of lead exposure in children","volume":"85","author":"Balza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2026, May 15). OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, Lead (29 CFR 1910.1025), Available online: https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/laws-regs\/regulations\/standardnumber\/1910\/1910.1025."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency (2025). Timeline of Lead (Pb) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), updated on 31 July 2025."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency (2025). National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for Lead (Pb), updated on 5 May 2026."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"EU, European Union Air Quality Standards (2008). Directive 2008\/50\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"65","article-title":"Inorganic lead toxicology","volume":"46","author":"Patocka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.U., Gulzar, M.Z., Sattar, B., Sehar, S., Abbas, Q., Adnan, M., Sun, J., Luo, Z., Hu, G., and Yu, R. (2025). Silent threats of lead-based paints in toys and households to children\u2019s health and development. J. Hazard. Mater., 486.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136984"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2009.02.005","article-title":"Assessment of lead in cosmetic products","volume":"54","author":"Shinwari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Braley, J. (2024). Environmental and health implications of lead pollution: A call for sustainable solutions. Environ. Pollut. Clim. Change, 8."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madkour, L.H. (2020). Heavy metals and free radical-induced cell death mechanisms. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (RE) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms, Springer. Chapter 6.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822481-6.00006-2"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandal, S., Verghese, P.S., Taneja, A., Massey, D.D., and Habi, M. (2025). Cigarettes as a source of heavy metal toxicity: Evaluating human health risks. Discov. Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-00650-2"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Chiba, M., and Masironi, R. (1991). Toxic and Trace Elements in Tobacco, World Health Organization Report."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.7.1049","article-title":"Association between iron deficiency and low-level lead poisoning in an urban primary care clinic","volume":"89","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.120513","article-title":"Environmental lead exposure during early childhood","volume":"140","author":"Lanphear","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1515\/intox-2015-0009","article-title":"Lead toxicity: A review","volume":"8","author":"Wani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (2012). Monograph on Health Effects of Low-Level Lead."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530290033034","article-title":"Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior","volume":"275","author":"Needleman","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.03.018","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between blood lead levels and hematological parameters in children from central China","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.08.032","article-title":"Interaction of lead with some essential trace metals in the blood of anemic children from Lucknow, India","volume":"377","author":"Ahamed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawat, P.S., Singh, S., Zahid, M., and Mehrotra, S. (2021). An integrated assessment of lead exposure in children: Correlation with biochemical and haematological indices. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2021.126835"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegazy, A.A., Zaher, M.M., Abd El-Hafez, M.A., Morsy, A.A., and Saleh, R.A. (2010). Relation between anemia and blood levels of lead, copper, zinc and iron among children. BMC Res. Notes., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-3-133"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2017.08.006","article-title":"Low blood lead levels impair intellectual and hematological function in children from Cartagena, Caribbean coast of Colombia","volume":"44","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.080","article-title":"Elevated lead levels and changes in blood morphology and erythrocyte CR1 in preschool children from an e-waste area","volume":"592","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.2.165","article-title":"Lead-induced anemia: Dose-response relationships and evidence for a threshold","volume":"80","author":"Schwartz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00871-8","article-title":"Blood lead and its effect on Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe and hemoglobin levels of children","volume":"277","author":"Tripathi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3880","article-title":"Lead in plasma and whole blood from lead-exposed children","volume":"80","author":"Bergdahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.10.025","article-title":"Blood lead levels in children aged 5\u20139 years living in Cartagena, Colombia","volume":"372","author":"Duarte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuang, W., Chen, Z., Shi, K., Sun, H., Li, H., Huang, L., and Bi, J. (2020). Adverse health effects of lead exposure on physical growth, erythrocyte parameters and school performances for school-aged children in eastern China. Environ. Int., 145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106130"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1999.4011","article-title":"The effect of low-level blood lead on hematologic parameters in children","volume":"82","author":"Jacob","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2005.05.011","article-title":"Health effects in children aged 3-6 years induced by environmental lead exposure","volume":"63","author":"Jin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.10.021","article-title":"Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: Analytical and biological challenges","volume":"524","author":"Tsikas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327112446815","article-title":"Low-level environmental exposure to lead and renal adverse effects: A cross-sectional study in the population of children bordering the Mbeubeuss landfill near Dakar, Senegal","volume":"31","author":"Cabral","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2011.v5.1.38","article-title":"Environmental lead exposure as a risk for childhood aplastic anemia","volume":"5","author":"Ahamed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327106074591","article-title":"Environmental lead exposure and its relationship to traffic density among Senegalese children: A cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Diouf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02950-5","article-title":"Children environmentaly exposed to agrochemicals in rural areas present changes in oxidative status and DNA damage","volume":"200","author":"Nascimento","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betanzos-Robledo, L., Cantoral, A., Peterson, K.E., Hu, H., Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1vila, M., Perng, W., Jansen, E., Ettinger, A.S., Mercado-Garc\u00eda, A., and Solano-Gonz\u00e1lez, M. (2021). Association between cumulative childhood blood lead exposure and hepatic steatosis in young Mexican adults. Environ. Res., 196.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110980"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.12.129","article-title":"Blood lead and cadmium levels associated with hematological and hepatic functions in patients from an e-waste-polluted area","volume":"220","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-01177-6","article-title":"Effects of lead and cadmium co-exposure on liver function in residents near a mining and smelting area in northwestern China","volume":"44","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1995.1012","article-title":"Renal effects in children living in the vicinity of a lead smelter","volume":"68","author":"Bernard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800094-6.00003-0","article-title":"Urine retinol-binding protein 4: A functional biomarker of the proximal renal tubule","volume":"63","author":"Norden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1996.9935998","article-title":"Environmental lead and renal effects in children","volume":"51","author":"Verberk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.9.2248","article-title":"Adverse effects of chronic low level lead exposure on kidney function\u2014A risk group study in children","volume":"13","author":"Fels","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirivarasai, J., Wananukul, W., Kaojarern, S., Chanprasertyothin, S., Thongmung, N., Ratanachaiwong, W., Sura, T., and Sritara, P. (2013). Association between inflammatory marker, environmental lead exposure, and glutathione S-transferase gene. Biomed. Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/474963"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sproston, N.R., and Ashworth, J.J. (2018). Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00754"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Xia, W., Zeng, Q., Zhang, W., Qian, X., Bao, S., Zhou, A., Li, Y., and Xu, S. (2021). Associations between prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and preschool children humoral and cellular immune responses. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 207.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111536"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Huo, X., Lu, X., Zeng, Z., Faas, M.M., and Xu, X. (2020). Exposure to multiple heavy metals associate with aberrant immune homeostasis and inflammatory activation in preschool children. Chemosphere, 257.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127257"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kataba, A., Yohannes, Y.B., Nakata, H., Yabe, J., Toyomaki, H., Muzandu, K., Zyambo, G., Ikenaka, Y., Choongo, K., and Ishizuka, M. (2023). Association between chronic environmental lead (Pb) exposure and cytokines in males and females of reproductive age from Kabwe, Zambia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20085596"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, W., Fu, J., Fu, R., Song, X., Huang, S., Wang, Y., Lu, K., and Wu, H. (2024). Internal blood lead exposure levels in permanent residents of Jiangxi Province and its effects on routine hematological and biochemical indices. Front Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1357588"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y., and Han, J. (2021). Blood lead levels and cardiovascular disease risk: Results from the Korean National Health and nutrition examination survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910315"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Shu, Y., Fu, Z., Hu, Y., and Mo, X. (2017). Associations between lead concentrations and cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. adolescents. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09701-4"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low-level environmental lead exposure alters serum metabolic profiles in preschool children","volume":"29","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"WHO, World Health Organzation (2025). Exposure to lead: A major public health concern. Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environments, World Health Organzation. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4236\/cm.2012.34026","article-title":"A review of the potential issues of pollution caused by the mineral elements, mercury, lead, arsenic, its possible impacts on the human beings and the suggested solutions","volume":"3","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2017). Case Studies in Environmental Medicine, Lead Toxicity."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"79","article-title":"Lead toxicity and evaluation of oxidative stress in humans","volume":"2","author":"Batool","year":"2017","journal-title":"PSM Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120020047564","article-title":"Occupational lead exposure and amino acid profiles and liver function tests in industrial workers","volume":"11","author":"Almehdi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1556\/APhysiol.95.2008.4.6","article-title":"Occupational lead exposure effect on liver functions and biochemical parameters","volume":"95","author":"Can","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3128-9","article-title":"Assessment of genotoxic effects of lead in occupationally exposed workers","volume":"21","author":"Chinde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.05.034","article-title":"The effect of occupational chronic lead exposure on the complete blood count and the levels of selected hematopoietic cytokines","volume":"355","author":"Chwalba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.06.008","article-title":"Glutathione, glutathione-related enzymes, and oxidative stress in individuals with subacute occpuational exposure to lead","volume":"45","author":"Dobrakowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Enriron. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116665674","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage and oxidative stress in lead-exposed workers","volume":"36","author":"Dobrakowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-011-0159-6","article-title":"Biochemical effects of lead exposure on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heme biosynthesis and hematological parameters in automobile workers of North Karnataka (India)","volume":"26","author":"Dongre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2010.01.005","article-title":"Genotoxicity evaluation in workers occupationally exposed to lead","volume":"213","author":"Grover","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1994.9937476","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation in workers exposed to lead","volume":"49","author":"Jiun","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327105ht528oa","article-title":"Lipids, lipid peroxidation and 7-ketocholesterol in workers exposed to lead","volume":"24","author":"Kasperczyk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233713491804","article-title":"The effect of occupational lead exposure on lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and plasma viscosity","volume":"31","author":"Kasperczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233708098127","article-title":"Lead-induced oxidative stress adversely affects health of the occupational workers","volume":"24","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.52.7.484","article-title":"Evaluation of lead exposure in workers at a lead-acid battery factory in Korea: With focus on activity of erythrocyte pyrimidine 5\u2032-nucleotidase (P5N)","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700010318","article-title":"Kindey function and lead: Relationships in several occupational groups with different levels of exposure","volume":"1","author":"Lilis","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"455","article-title":"Renal dysfunction in Brazilian lead workers","volume":"7","author":"Carvalho","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02916817","article-title":"Impact of lead pollution on the status of other trace metals in blood and alterations in hepatic functions","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/009841099157737","article-title":"A study on oxidative stress in lead-exposed workers","volume":"57","author":"Ye","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0946-672X(11)80037-4","article-title":"Lead in tissues of deseased lead smelter workers","volume":"9","author":"Gerhardsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pumallanqui-Ramirez, B., Li, J., Rueda-Torres, L., and Rosales-Rimache, J. (2024). Relationship between blood lead levels and anemia: A cross-sectional study on mining workers from Peru. Adv. Public Health, 2024.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5517405"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-002-0362-0","article-title":"Relationship between blood lead levels and renal function in lead battery workers","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74936-0_45","article-title":"The urinary excretion of specific proteins in workers exposed to lead","volume":"14","author":"Fiala","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/64682","article-title":"Oxidative damage of DNA in subjects occupationally exposed to lead","volume":"26","author":"Pawlas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327117703688","article-title":"The influence of occupational chronic lead exposure on the levels of selected pro-inflamatory cytokines and angiogenic factors","volume":"36","author":"Dobrakowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(02)00012-8","article-title":"Lead induced DNA strand breaks in lymphocytes of exposed workers: Role of reactive oxygen species and protein kinase C","volume":"515","author":"Fracasso","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379383","article-title":"Serum lipid peroxide level and blood superoxide dismutase activity in workers with occupationel exposure to lead","volume":"56","author":"Ito","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6580.111550","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress and genotoxicity in battery manufacturing workers occupationally exposed to lead","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"239","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and concentration of glutathione in erythrocytes from workers exposed to lead","volume":"48","author":"Sugawara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Missiry, M.A. (2012). Antioxidant enzyme and human health. Antioxidant Enzyme, OpenTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/2895"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayala, A., Mu\u00f1oz, M.F., and Arg\u00fcelles, S. (2014). Lipid peroxidation: Production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360438"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Sun, J., Luo, Z., Li, Y., and Huang, Y. (2024). Emerging mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in regulated cell death and its physiological implications. Cell Death Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07244-x"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besong, E.E., Ashonibare, P.J., Obembe, O.O., Folawiyo, M.A., Adeyemi, D.H., Hamed, M.A., Akhigbe, T.M., and Akhigbe, R.E. (2023). Zinc protects against lead-induced testicular damage via modulation of steroidogenic and xanthine oxidase\/uric acid\/caspase 3-mediated apoptotic signaling in male Wistar rats. Aging Male, 26.","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2023.2224428"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9880","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)81740-9","article-title":"Characterization of free radical generation by xanthine oxidase: Evidence for hydroxyl radical generation","volume":"264","author":"Kuppusamy","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"92","article-title":"Mechanisms of lead-induced poisoning","volume":"172\u2013173","author":"Nemsadze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Georgian Med. News"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Va\u0161kov\u00e1, J., Ko\u010dan, L., Va\u0161ko, L., and Perj\u00e9si, P. (2023). Glutathione-related enzymes and proteins: A review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031447"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizzino, G., Irrera, N., Cucinotta, M., Pallio, G., Mannino, F., Arcoraci, V., Squadrito, F., Altavilla, D., and Bitto, A. (2017). Oxidative stress: Harms and benefits for human health. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.05.003","article-title":"The glutathione peroxidase family: Discoveries and mechanism","volume":"187","author":"Toppo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Preedy, V.R., and Watson, R.R. (2019). Antioxidants and age-related maculard. Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and the Eye, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]. Chapter 6."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloke, C., Onisuru, O.O., and Achilonu, I. (2024). Glutathione S-transferase: A versatile and dynamic enzyme. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 734.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150774"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.028","article-title":"The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes on cellular redox homeostasis network","volume":"95","author":"Couto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.035","article-title":"The role of thiols in antioxidant systems","volume":"140","author":"Urlich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-011-0163-x","article-title":"Impact of chronic lead exposure on selected biological markers","volume":"27","author":"Jangid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witkowska, D., S\u0142owik, J., and Chilicka, K. (2021). Heavy metals and human health: Possible exposure pathways and the competition for protein binding sites. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196060"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernal, A., Zafra, M.A., Sim\u00f3n, M.J., and Mah\u00eda, J. (2023). Sodium homeostasis, a balance necessary for life. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020395"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90422-J","article-title":"Lead increases inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate levels but does not interfere with calcium transients in primary rat astrocytes","volume":"618","author":"Dave","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)00015-P","article-title":"How do Ca2+ and 5-aminolevulinic acid-derived oxyradicals promote injury to isolated mitochondria?","volume":"19","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00193","article-title":"Biochemical and molecular bases of lead-induced toxicity in mammalian systems and possible mitigations","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg014","article-title":"Lead neurotoxicity in children: Basic mechanisms and clinical correlates","volume":"126","author":"Lidsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, N., Gogada, R., O\u2019Malley, J., Gundampati, R.K., Jayanthi, S., Hashmi, S., Lella, R., Zhang, D., Wang, J., and Kumar, R. (2020). Molecular insights on cytochrome c and nucleotide regulation of apoptosome function and its implication in cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Moll. Cell Res., 1867.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2019.118573"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altanam, S.Y., Darwish, N., and Bakillah, A. (2025). Exploring the interplay of antioxidants, inflammation, and oxidative stress: Mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and clinical implications. Diseases, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13090309"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v6i2.2337","article-title":"Effect of garlic and vitamin B-complex in lead acetate induced toxicities in mice","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bangl. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.01.002","article-title":"The effect of oral administration of Allium sativum extracts on lead nitrate induced toxicity in male mice","volume":"48","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0360-1","article-title":"Curcumin ameliorates lead (Pb(2+))-induced hemato-biochemical alterations and renal oxidative damage in a rat model","volume":"168","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-013-1765-x","article-title":"Ameliorating effects of garlic, calcium, and vitamin C on chronic lead toxicity in albino rats","volume":"23","author":"Haridy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"215","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of Spirulina platensis against lead-induced nephrotoxicity in newborn rats: Modulation of oxidative stress and histopathological changes","volume":"17","author":"Gargouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10950","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07718-3","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of curcumin against lead acetate-induced hemato-biochemical alterations, hepatotoxicity, and testicular oxidative damage in rats","volume":"27","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120903490","article-title":"Protective effects of spirulina against hemato-biochemical alterations, nephrotoxicity, and DNA damage upon lead exposition","volume":"39","author":"Gargouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"563","article-title":"Effect of ascorbic acid and thiamine supplementation at different concentrations on lead toxicity in liver","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-010-0042-x","article-title":"Garlic oil and vitamin E prevent the adverse effects of lead acetate and ethanol separately as well as in combination in the drinking water of rats","volume":"25","author":"Sajitha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"498","article-title":"Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against lead-induced hepatic injury in rats","volume":"49","author":"Kilikdar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abubakar, K., Mailafiya, M.M., Chiroma, S.M., Danmaigoro, A., Zyoud, T.Y.T., Abdul Rahim, E., and Abu Bakar Zakaria, M.Z. (2020). Ameliorative effect of curcumin on lead-induced hematological and hepatorenal toxicity in a rat model. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 34.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22483"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"3817","article-title":"Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against lead-induced cardiac injury in rats","volume":"13","author":"Kilikdar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1076\/phbi.39.6.450.5887","article-title":"Influence of garlic on the disposition and toxicity of lead and cadmium in the rat","volume":"39","author":"Tandon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2006.17948","article-title":"Beneficial effect of combined administration of vitamin C and vitamin E in amelioration of chronic lead hepatotoxicity","volume":"23","author":"Bashandy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponce-Canchihuam\u00e1n, J.C., P\u00e9rez-M\u00e9ndez, O., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mu\u00f1oz, R., Torres-Dur\u00e1n, P.V., and Ju\u00e1rez-Oropeza, M.A. (2010). Protective effects of spirulina maxima on hyperlipidemia and oxidative-stress induced by lead acetate in the liver and kidney. Lipids Health Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-9-35"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhusaini, A., Fadda, L., Hasan, I.H., Zakaria, E., Alenazi, A.M., and Mahmoud, A.M. (2019). Curcumin ameliorates lead-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulating Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 signaling pathway. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110703"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aladaileh, S.H., Khafaga, A.F., Abd El-Hack, M.E., Al-Gabri, N.A., Abukhalil, M.H., Alfwuaires, M.A., Bin-Jumah, M., Alkahtani, S., Abdel-Daim, M.M., and Aleya, L. (2020). Spirulina platensis ameliorates the subchronic toxicities of lead in rabbits via anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immune stimulatory properties. Sci. Total Environ., 701.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134879"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"85","article-title":"Oral administration of vitamin C and vitamin E ameliorates lead-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in the rat brain","volume":"22","author":"Ebuehi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Niger. Q. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2013.664-667","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of Curcuma longa against lead induced toxicity in Wistar rats","volume":"6","author":"Baxla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"502","article-title":"Efficacy of curcumin on lead induced nephrotoxicity in female albinio rats","volume":"8","author":"Ghoniem","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2014.a34","article-title":"Therapeutic competence of dried garlic powder (Allium sativum) on biochemical parameters in lead (Pb) exposed broiler chickens","volume":"1","author":"Hossain","year":"2014","journal-title":"A. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protective antioxidant efficiency of garlic against lead-induced renal and testicular toxicity in adult male rats","volume":"1","author":"Salem","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heavy Met. Toxic. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.35841\/biomedicalresearch.30-18-1200","article-title":"Effect of curcumin and curcumin nanoparticles against lead induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"30","author":"Ansar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000072402","article-title":"Effect of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative DNA damage in an experimental model of lead-induced hypertension","volume":"47","author":"Attri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"1557","article-title":"Protective role of curcumin against oxidative stress, immunosuppressive and cytotoxic effects of lead exposure","volume":"11","author":"Araffa","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Changlek, S., Rana, M.N., Phyu, M.P., Karim, N., Majima, H.J., and Tangpong, J. (2022). Curcumin suppresses lead-induced inflammation and memory loss in mouse model and in silico molecular docking. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11060856"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9586-3","article-title":"Preventive efficacy of bulk and nanocurcumin against lead-induced oxidative stress in mice","volume":"152","author":"Flora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21901","article-title":"Treatment with garlic restores membrane thiol content and ameliorates lead induced early death of erythrocytes in mice","volume":"30","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"1053","article-title":"The effects of dietary lead exposure and ascorbic acid on performance, lipid peroxidation status and biochemical parameters of broilers","volume":"29","author":"Aksu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2012.717230","article-title":"Continuous exercise training and curcumin attenuate changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress induced by lead acetate in the hippocampus of male rats","volume":"51","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"220","article-title":"The effect of vitamin E on lead induced gonadal dysfunctions in adult Wistar albino rats","volume":"34","author":"Hamed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Egypt Soc. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.10.007","article-title":"Effects of vitamin E on lead-induced impairments in hippocampal synaptic plasticity","volume":"1629","author":"Salehi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-015-0526-9","article-title":"Prophylactic effects of garlic oil and onion oil fractions as compared to vitamin E on rats orally fed with lead acetate solution","volume":"31","author":"Sajitha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-021-01001-z","article-title":"Assessment of role and efficacy of curcumin and quercetin in preventing lead-induced oxidative stress in rats","volume":"37","author":"Zahid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"1078","article-title":"The effect of vitamin C on the erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in intoxicated-lead rat offsprings","volume":"7","author":"Eshginia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00237-9","article-title":"Effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract on tissue lead level in rats","volume":"76","author":"Senapati","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan, A., Sadeghi, A., Alipour, F., and Kinmehr, M. (2015). The effects of ascorbic acid and garlic on bone mineralization in lead exposed pregnant rats. Zahedan J. Res. Med. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.17795\/zjrms1280"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2017.0063","article-title":"Protective effect of garlic extract against maternal and foetal cerebellar damage induced by lead administration during pregnancy in rats","volume":"77","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"184","article-title":"Ameliorated effects of Allium sativum on subclinical lead toxicity in goats","volume":"26","author":"Badiei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.58568","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of Allium sativum on lead-induced biochemical changes in soft tissues of Swiss albino mice","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacog. Mag."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Sharma, V., and Kansal, L. (2010). Amelioration of lead-induced hepatotoxicity by Allium sativum extracts in Swiss albino mice. Libyan J. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3402\/ljm.v5i0.4621"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15835\/nsb437920","article-title":"Beneficial effect administration of vitamin C in amelioration of lead hepatotoxicity","volume":"4","author":"Slimani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Not. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7923-3","article-title":"Protective effect of Allium sativum (garlic) aqueous extract against lead-induced oxidative stress in the rat brain, liver, and kidney","volume":"24","author":"Henley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"70","article-title":"Effect of lead with vitamin E, C, or spirulina on malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides in rats","volume":"39","author":"Upasani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2018.12.006","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of Spirulina maxima and Allium sativum on lead acetate-induced testicular injury in male albino rats with respect to caspase-3 gene expression","volume":"121","author":"Abdrabou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.04.004","article-title":"Role of garlic extract and silymarin compared to dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in treatment of lead induced nephropathy in adult male albino rats","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327103ht411oa","article-title":"Protective effect of curcumin against lead neurotoxicity in rat","volume":"22","author":"Shukla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.04.003","article-title":"Spirulina or dandelion-enriched diet of mothers alleviates lead-induced damages in brain and cerebellum of newborn rats","volume":"50","author":"Gargouri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2014.997947","article-title":"Effects of curcumin and tannic acid on the aluminum- and lead-induced oxidative neurotoxicity and alterations in NMDA receptors","volume":"25","author":"Kalburcu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2016.039","article-title":"Aqueous extract of Allium sativum (Linn.) bulbs ameliorated pituitary-testicular injury and dysfunction in Wistar rats with Pb-induced reproductive disturbances","volume":"4","author":"Ayoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.03.068","article-title":"Spirulina platensis attenuates the associated neurobehavioral and inflammatory response impairments in rats exposed to lead acetate","volume":"157","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1135","article-title":"Protective effect of spirulina on lead induced deleterious changes in the lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidants in rats","volume":"17","author":"Upasani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"235","article-title":"Effect of antioxidant ascorbic acid, l-methionine or \u03b1-tocopherol alone or along with chelator on cardiac tissue of lead-treated rats","volume":"74","author":"Patra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayinde, O.C., Ogunnowo, S., and Ogedegbe, R.A. (2012). Influence of vitamin C and vitamin E on testicular zinc content and testicular toxicity in lead exposed albino rats. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-6511-13-17"},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"70","article-title":"Garlic powder attenuated apoptosis associated with lead acetate-induced testicular damage in adult male rats","volume":"54","author":"Nasr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alex. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.213983","article-title":"Protective effect of curcumin on lead acetate-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rats","volume":"12","author":"Sudjarwo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","first-page":"72","article-title":"Effect of pumpkin oli and vitamin E on lead induced testicular toxicity in male rats","volume":"25","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1021\/jf063446t","article-title":"Curcuminoids, curcumin, and demethoxycurcumin reduce lead-induced memory deficits in male Wistar rats","volume":"55","author":"Dairam","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2019.01.002","article-title":"Neuromodulatory effects of ethyl acetate fraction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe extract in rats with lead-induced oxidative stress","volume":"17","author":"Okesola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13411-w","article-title":"Chlorella vulgaris or Spirulina platensis mitigate lead acetate-induced testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis with regard to androgen receptor expression in rats","volume":"28","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2015.02.001","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of spirulina supplement against lead acetate-induced hepatic injury in rats","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.01.006","article-title":"Modulation of caspase-3 gene expression and protective effects of garlic and spirulina against CNS neurotoxicity induced by lead exposure in male rats","volume":"72","author":"Galal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.09.044","article-title":"Protective effects of ascorbic acid against lead-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat hippocampus in vivo","volume":"1185","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"38","article-title":"Effect of ascorbic acid and Allium sativum on tissue lead level in female Rattus Navigicus","volume":"7","author":"Adeniyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Niger. J. Health Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"1425","article-title":"The protective effect of vitamin C against toxicity induced by lead-acetate on liver and spleen in Swiss albino mice","volume":"46","author":"Aldahmash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"13","article-title":"Effects of melatonin, vitamin C and E alone or in acombination on lead-induced injury in liver and kidney organs of rats","volume":"2","author":"Aziz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.07.006","article-title":"Amelioration of lead toxicity on rat liver with vitamin C and silymarin supplements","volume":"206","author":"Shalan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0280-0","article-title":"Molecular and histopathological study on the ameliorative effects of curcumin against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrototoxicity in Wistar rats","volume":"167","author":"Soliman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"65","article-title":"Protection by garlic extract against lead induced tissue atrophy in albino rats","volume":"4","author":"Tugbobo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_205","unstructured":"Ismail, S.A.A. (2017). Amelioratibe potential of Spirulina platensis against lead acetate induced immuno-suppression and kidney apoptosis in rats. Ann. Clin. Pathol., 5."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2009.12.003","article-title":"Influence of vitamin C supplementation on lead-induced histopathological alterations in male rats","volume":"63","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abubakar, K., Muhammad Mailafiya, M., Danmaigoro, A., Musa Chiroma, S., Abdul Rahim, E.B., and Abu Bakar Zakaria, M.Z. (2019). Curcumin attenuates lead-induced cerebellar toxicity in rats via chelating activity and inhibition of oxidative stress. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201906.0217.v1"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.15379\/ijmst.v10i2.2851","article-title":"Protective effects of aqueous extract of Allium sativum (garlic) on the histomorphology and biochemical parameters of lead-induced cerebellar injury on the adult male Wistar rats","volume":"10","author":"Agu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Membr. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.09.043","article-title":"Ascorbic acid ameliorates oxidative damage induced by maternal low-level lead exposure in the hippocampus of rat pups during gestation and lactation","volume":"50","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2003.10.014","article-title":"Through metal binding, curcumin protects against lead- and cadmium-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates and against lead-induced tissue damage in rat brain","volume":"98","author":"Daniel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3096","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded cockle shell-derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles ameliorates lead-induced neurotoxicity in rats via attenuation of oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Mailafiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1572-y","article-title":"Ascorbic acid supplementation prevents the detrimental effects of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure on the Purkinje cell and related proteins in the cerebellum of developing rats","volume":"190","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.18311\/jnr\/2025\/44935","article-title":"Exploring the protective effects of garlic essential oil against lead nitrate-induced reproductive toxicity in Swiss albino mice","volume":"25","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nat. Remedies"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.15835\/nsb549125","article-title":"The protective effect of vitamin E against genotoxicity of lead acetate intraperitoneal administration in male rat","volume":"5","author":"Sadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Not. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"27","article-title":"Comparison of the protective effects of garlic (Allium sativum L) extract, vitamin E and N-acetyl cystein on testis structure and sperm quality in rats treated with lead acetate","volume":"164","author":"Asadpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"406","article-title":"The effect of lead acetate on testicular structure and protective effect of vitamin E in adult albino rat","volume":"31","author":"Makhlouf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Histol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-012-1466-x","article-title":"Effects of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract on testicular morphology and function in lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)-treated albino rats","volume":"22","author":"Obidike","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(98)00068-7","article-title":"Effects of vitamin E and\/or C on reactive oxygen species-related lead toxicity in the rat sperm","volume":"128","author":"Hsu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramah, A., El-Shwarby, R.M., Nabila, M.A., and El-Shewey, E.A. (2015). The effect of lead toxicity on male albino rats reproduction with ameliorate by vitamin E and pumpkin seeds oil. Bharati Vidyapeeth Med. J., 28.","DOI":"10.21608\/bvmj.2015.32538"},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"85","article-title":"Spirulina exhibits hepatoprotective effects against lead induced oxidative injury in newborn rats","volume":"62","author":"Gargouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.09.041","article-title":"Spirulina platensis feeding inhibited the anemia- and leucopenia-induced lead and cadmium in rats","volume":"164","author":"Simsek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"251","article-title":"Protective effects of garlic aquous extract (Allium sativum), vitamin E, and N-acetylcysteine on reproductive quality of male rats exposed to lead","volume":"4","author":"Asadpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-007-8017-3","article-title":"Garlic (Allium sativum L.) as a potential antidote for cadmium and lead intoxication: Cadmium and lead distribution and analysis in different mice organs","volume":"120","author":"Massadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"64","article-title":"Hepatoprotective and some haematological effects of Allium sativum and vitamin C in lead-exposed Wistar rats","volume":"1","author":"Ajayi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"798","article-title":"Amelioration of lead induced changes in ovary of mice by garlic extract","volume":"64","author":"Waseem","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pal. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2007.2772.2774","article-title":"Effect of garlic along with lead acetate administration on lead burden of some tissues in mice","volume":"10","author":"Pourjafar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5455\/oams.061213.br.008","article-title":"Dietary protection by garlic extract against lead induced oxidative stress and genetic birth defects","volume":"3","author":"Tugbobo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Antioxid. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_228","first-page":"157","article-title":"Effect of garlic on lead contents in chicken tissues","volume":"101","author":"Hanafy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_229","first-page":"P981","article-title":"Effects of dried garlic powder (Allium sativum) against the subclinical lead (Pb) poisoning in broiler chickens","volume":"6","author":"Hossain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wayamba J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_230","first-page":"173","article-title":"Prophylactic efficacy of crushed garlic lobes, black seed or olive oils on cholinesterase activity in central nervous system parts and serum of lead intoxicated rabbits","volume":"29","author":"Yassin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_231","first-page":"997","article-title":"Protective effect of garlic against lead acetate toxicity in lung alveoli of rabbit: Ultrastructural stuydies","volume":"11","author":"Alodeani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_232","first-page":"12","article-title":"Effect of dried garlic powder (Allium sativum) on lead content of different tissue following subclinical lead poisoning in goats","volume":"6","author":"Badiei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"52","article-title":"Possible protective effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) or garlic (Allium sativum) against lead-induced toxicity in growing rabbits","volume":"64","author":"Attia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alex. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.18311\/jnr\/2024\/35969","article-title":"Administration of garlic essential oil restored the altered enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters and pulmonary histoarchitecture in mice subjected to lead nitrate","volume":"24","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nat. Remedies"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.51470\/bca.2024.24.2.1587","article-title":"Unravelling protective efficacy of Allium sativum essential oil against lead nitrate-induced toxicity in Swiss albino male mice lungs: A study on biochemical parameters","volume":"24","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell. Arch."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.52679\/tabcj.2023.0010","article-title":"Garlic essential oil confers shielding against nephrotoxicity elicited by lead nitrate in Swiss albino mice","volume":"4","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.18311\/ti\/2023\/v30i4\/32343","article-title":"Prophylactic efficacy of Allium sativum essential oil on hepatic tissues of mice model exposed to inorganic lead salt","volume":"30","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"key":"ref_238","first-page":"302","article-title":"Amelioration of lead nitrate induced pulmonary toxicity by garlic essential oil in inflammatory markers of Swiss albino male mice","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.18311\/ti\/2024\/v31i4\/45001","article-title":"Garlic bulb essential oil (GBEO) as a potential mitigator of lead nitrate-induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino male mice","volume":"31","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.18311\/ti\/2024\/v31i2\/35881","article-title":"Alleviation of lead nitrate-induced nephrotoxicity by garlic essential oil in albino mice: A comprehensive study on inflammation and genotoxicity","volume":"31","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajpoot, A., and Sharma, V. (2025). Protective effects of Allium sativum essential oil against lead nitrate-induced cardiotoxicity: Modulation of lipid metabolism, nitric oxide dynamics, inflammatory mediators, and histological profiles in Swiss albino mice. Toxicol. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2025.101950"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03924-5","article-title":"Allium sativum essential oil supplementation reverses the hepatic inflammation, genotoxicity and apoptotic effects in Swiss albino mice intoxicated with the lead nitrate","volume":"202","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00345-6","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of \u03b1-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and L-methionine on lead induced oxidative stress to the liver, kidney and brain in rats","volume":"162","author":"Patra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_244","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Roles of N-acetylcysteine, methionine, vitamin C and vitamin E as antioxidants against lead toxicity in rats","volume":"5","author":"Afify","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2515\/therapie\/2009055","article-title":"Therapeutic influence of zinc and ascorbic acid against lead induced biochemical alterations","volume":"64","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1989.tb00665.x","article-title":"Interaction of L-ascorbic acid on the disposition of lead in rats","volume":"64","author":"Dalley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2004.03.007","article-title":"Protective action of vitamins on the spermatogenesis in lead-treated Swiss mice","volume":"18","author":"Mishra","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.01.023","article-title":"Impacts of ascorbic acid and thiamine supplementation at different concentrations on lead toxicity in testis","volume":"370","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"9","article-title":"Antioxidant role of vitamin C in alleviating the reproductive toxicity of lead acetate in male rats","volume":"10","author":"Kandeil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(79)90215-7","article-title":"Ascorbic acid and EDTA treatment of lead toxicity in rats","volume":"24","author":"Goyer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_251","first-page":"983","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation of iron and ascorbic acid on lead toxicity in rats","volume":"109","author":"Suzuki","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/109.11.1974","article-title":"Effectiveness of dietary iron and ascorbic acid in the prevention and cure of moderately long-term lead toxicity in rats","volume":"109","author":"Suzuki","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1986.tb00124.x","article-title":"Preventive and therapeutic effects of thiamine, ascorbic acid and their combination in lead intoxication","volume":"58","author":"Flora","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2007.04.019","article-title":"Vitamin-E reduces the oxidative damage on delta-aminolevulinic dehydratase induced by lead intoxication in rat erythrocytes","volume":"21","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.03.015","article-title":"Effect of vitamin E on lead exposure-induced learning and memory impairment in rats","volume":"144","author":"Khodamoradi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)00155-8","article-title":"Protective effects of vitamin E against lead-induced deterioration of membrane associated type-I iodothyronine 5\u2032-monodeiodinase (5\u2032D-I) activity in male mice","volume":"124","author":"Chaurasia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2012.11.001","article-title":"Vitamin E modifies the ultrastructure of testis and epididymis in mice exposed to lead intoxication","volume":"195","author":"Fahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(03)00025-5","article-title":"Beneficial effect of combined administration of some naturally occurring antioxidants (vitamins) and thiol chelators in the treatment of chronic lead intoxication","volume":"145","author":"Flora","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, P., Li, J., Zhong, H., Xie, J., Zhang, P., Lu, Q., Li, J., Xu, P., Chen, P., and Leng, L. (2021). Anti-oxidation properties and therapeutic potentials of spirulina. Algal Res., 55.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102240"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uro\u0161evi\u0107, M., Nikoli\u0107, L., Gaji\u0107, I., Nikoli\u0107, V., Dini\u0107, A., and Miljkovi\u0107, V. (2022). Curcumin: Biological activities and modern pharmaceutical forms. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020135"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1515\/pjfns-2017-0005","article-title":"Characterization of active compounds of different garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars","volume":"68","author":"Szychowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1281","article-title":"Garlic as an antioxidant: The good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"17","author":"Banerjee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niki, E. (2019). Vitamin E: Structure, properties and functions. Food Chemistry, Function and Analysis, The Royal Society of Chemistry. Chapter 1.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788016216-00001"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamza, A.H. (2017). Vitamin C: An antioxidant agent. Vitamin C, IntechOpen. Chapter 2.","DOI":"10.5772\/66058"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2009.1215","article-title":"Spirulina improves antioxidant status by reducing oxidative stress in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.021","article-title":"Iron-chelating ability and antioxidant properties of phycocyanin isolated from a protean extract of Spirulina platensis","volume":"110","author":"Bermejo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2014.998368","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Spirulina platensis in comparison to dunaliella salina in acetic acid-induced rat experimental colitis","volume":"37","author":"Farouk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1744-5","article-title":"The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: An overview","volume":"90","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3725","article-title":"Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis","volume":"277","author":"Reddy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallert, M., B\u00f6rmel, L., and Lorkowski, S. (2020). Inflammatory diseases and vitamin E\u2014What do we know and where do we go?. Moll. Nutr. Food Res., 65.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000097"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2025.06.009","article-title":"Vitamin E is associated with inflammatory biomarkers and metabolic syndrome: Insights from a population study","volume":"140","author":"Costa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Qin, S., and Li, W. (2022). Phycocyanin: Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism. Biomed. Pharmacother., 153.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113362"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-017-0121-4","article-title":"Spirulina platensis prevents high glucose-induced oxidative stress mitochondrial damage mediated apoptosis in cardiomyoblasts","volume":"70","author":"Jadaun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2013.11.008","article-title":"Biosorption of chromium by using Spirulina sp.","volume":"9","author":"Rezaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.06.010","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of cadmium ions by Spirulina platensis dry biomass","volume":"22","author":"Alabdullatif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_570_25","article-title":"The detoxifying effects of spirulina in promoting liver health and heavy metal elimination\u2014A review","volume":"17","author":"Thitame","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioall. Sci."},{"key":"ref_277","first-page":"657","article-title":"Iron and free radical oxidations in cell membranes","volume":"46","author":"Schafer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Moll. Biol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avenda\u00f1o-Brise\u00f1o, K.A., Escutia-Mart\u00ednez, J., Hern\u00e1ndez-Cruz, E.Y., and Pedraza-Chaverri, J. (2025). Antioxidant Effect of curcumin and its impact on mitochondria: Evidence from biological models. J. Xenobiot., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15050139"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00026-9","article-title":"Free radical reactions of curcumin in membrane models","volume":"23","author":"Priyadarsini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theochem.2005.05.016","article-title":"A theoretical study on Cu(II)-chelating properties of curcumin and its implications for curcumin as a multipotent agent to combat Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"757","author":"Shen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Moll. Struct. Theochem."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2008.05.003","article-title":"Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of curcumin","volume":"174","author":"Ak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14221","DOI":"10.1021\/jp209318f","article-title":"Scavenging mechanism of curcumin toward the hydroxyl radical: A theoretical study of reactions producing ferulic acid and vanillin","volume":"115","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barzegar, A., and Moosavi-Movahedi, A.A. (2011). Intracellular ROS protection efficiency and free radical-scavenging activity of curcumin. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026012"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b01196","article-title":"Protective effects of minor components of curcuminoids on hydrogen peroxide-treated human HaCaT keratinocytes","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2017.10.022","article-title":"Metal chelating ability and antioxidant properties of curcumin-metal complexes\u2014A DFT approach","volume":"79","author":"Mary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph. Model."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760310001660259","article-title":"Reactions of superoxide radicals with curcumin: Probable mechanisms by optical spectroscopy and EPR","volume":"38","author":"Mishra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virk, T.L., Liu, Q., Yuan, Y., Xu, X., and Chen, F. (2025). Curcumin as therapeutic modulator of impaired antioxidant defense system: Implications for oxidative stress-associated reproductive dysfunction. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14070750"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Wang, J., Song, Z., and Pei, Y. (2025). Regulation mechanism of curcumin mediated inflammatory pathway and its clinical application: A review. Front Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1642248"},{"key":"ref_289","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novel insight to neuroprotective potential of curcumin: A mechanistic review of possible involvement of mitochondrial biogenesis and PI3\/Akt\/GSK3 or PI3\/Akt\/CREB\/BDNF signaling pathways","volume":"9","author":"Kandezi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Cell. Med."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-959522","article-title":"Antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of aged garlic extract and its constituents","volume":"60","author":"Imai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.9.205","article-title":"The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: Allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide","volume":"9","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248461","article-title":"Evaluation of hydroxyl radical-scavenging property of garlic","volume":"154","author":"Prasad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Moll. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00928155","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of allicin, an active principle in garlic","volume":"148","author":"Prasad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Moll. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-021-02405-6","article-title":"Garlic (Allium sativum) and Fu-ling (Poria cocos) mitigate lead toxicity by improving antioxidant defense mechanisms and chelating ability in the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2015.1005229","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of garlic 14-kDa protein on LPS-stimulated-J774A.1 macrophages","volume":"37","author":"Rabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2006.08.011","article-title":"Allicin, a major component of garlic, inhibits apoptosis of macrophage in a depleted nutritional state","volume":"22","author":"Cho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., Chen, S., Li, S., Deng, L., Li, Y., and Li, H. (2018). Effect of allicin against ischemia\/hypoxia-induced H9c2 myoblast apoptosis via eNOS\/NO pathway-mediated antioxidant activity. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3207973"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paciolla, C., Fortunato, S., Dipierro, N., Paradiso, A., De Leonardis, S., Mastropasqua, L., and de Pinto, M.C. (2019). Vitamin C in plants: From functions to biofortification. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8110519"},{"key":"ref_299","unstructured":"Bartosz, G. (2013). Druga Twarz Tlenu. Wolne Rodniki w Przyrodzie, Wydawnictwo naukowe PWN. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_300","unstructured":"\u015acibior, A. (1999). Wybrane Parametry Uk\u0142adu Antyoksydacyjnego Szczur\u00f3w w Interakcji Wanad-Selen oraz Wanad-Cynk. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University]."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99036-5","article-title":"Assessment of prooxidant activity of vitamin E in human low-density lipoprotein and plasma","volume":"299","author":"Witting","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S83144","article-title":"Effect of vitamin C on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and\/or diabetic obese adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Ellulu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.433","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of natural products from vitamin C-rich fruits","volume":"5","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, J.K., Kumari, P., Saraf, P., and Yadav, A.S. (2018). Antiapoptotic effects of vitamins C and E against cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress and spermatogonial germ cell apoptosis. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 32.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22174"},{"key":"ref_305","first-page":"34","article-title":"Nutritional and toxicological aspects of spirulina (Arthrospira)","volume":"32","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sochacka, M., K\u00f3zka, B., Kurek, E., and Giebu\u0142towicz, J. (2025). Spirulina and Chlorella dietary supplements\u2014Are they a source solely of valuable nutrients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110468"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030701822045","article-title":"Detection of the hepatotoxic microcystins in 36 kinds of cyanobacteria spirulina food products in China","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_308","unstructured":"(2006). Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed\u00ae) [Internet], 2006\u2013Spirulina, 21 June 2021."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-017-1079-5","article-title":"Microalgal food supplements from the perspective of Polish consumers: Patterns of use, adverse events, and beneficial effects","volume":"29","author":"Rzymski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.03.003","article-title":"Acute rhabdomyolysis caused by spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)","volume":"15","author":"Mazokopakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_311","first-page":"69","article-title":"Spirulina consumption: Concerns regarding contaminants and uncommon but possible adverse reactions and interactions","volume":"10","author":"Kerna","year":"2022","journal-title":"EC Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gromek, W., Ko\u0142dej, N., Kurowski, M., and Majsiak, E. (2024). Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis): Antiallergic agent or hidden allergen? A literature review. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13071052"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.07145.x","article-title":"Spirulina-associated hepatotoxicity","volume":"97","author":"Iwasa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_314","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of spirulina platensis, phycocyanin, phycocyanopeptide and phycocyanobilin on male diabetic rats","volume":"26","author":"Hikal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. Univ. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520002111","article-title":"Effects of Spirulina platensis on insulin secretion, dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and both carbohydrate digestion and absorption indicate potential as an adjunctive therapy for diabetes","volume":"124","author":"Hannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Carvalho, J.F., and Martinez, A.T.A. (2025). Spirulina ingestion and autoimmune disease onset or flare. Adv. Rheumatol., 65.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-025-00446-7"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podg\u00f3rska-Kryszczuk, I. (2024). Spirulina\u2014An invaluable source of macro- and micronutrients with broad biological activity and application potential. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225387"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lao, C.D., Ruffin, M.T., Normolle, D., Heath, D.D., Murray, S.I., Bailey, J.M., Boggs, M.E., Crowell, J., Rock, C.L., and Brenner, D.E. (2006). Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-6-10"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6847","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0744","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: Biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.idoj_340_22","article-title":"Turmeric: The yellow allergen","volume":"14","author":"Palaniappan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, D.N., Pungwe, P., Comer, L.L., Ajayi, T.A., and Suarez, M.G. (2023). Turmeric-associated liver injury: A rare case of drug-induced liver injury. Cureus, 15.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.36978"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pugnale, S., Schilter, L., and Galofaro, L. (2025). Drug-induced liver injury associated with turmeric and black pepper based dietary supplements consumption: A case report. Clin. Case Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.71489"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.06.021","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded nanocomplexes: Acute and chronic toxicity studies in mice and hamsters","volume":"8","author":"Jantawong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24967","article-title":"The dark side of curcumin","volume":"126","author":"Salvador","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2004.03.009","article-title":"Prooxidant activity of curcumin: Copper-dependent formation of 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine in DNA and induction of apoptotic cell death","volume":"18","author":"Yoshino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-155952","article-title":"Curcumin, a cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent, is a biologically active iron chelator","volume":"113","author":"Jiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(95)02113-2","article-title":"Effects of curcumin on cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat liver","volume":"51","author":"Oetari","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00165-4","article-title":"Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes by curcumins in vitro and in vivo","volume":"39","author":"Thapliyal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.07.022","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions of curcuminoids with conventional drugs: A review","volume":"209","author":"Bahramsoltani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saadony, M.T., Saad, A.M., Korma, S.A., Salem, H.M., El-Mageed, T.A.A., Alkafaas, S.S., Elsalahaty, M.I., Elkafas, S.S., Mosa, W.F.A., and Ahmed, A.E. (2024). Garlic bioactive substances and their therapeutic applications for improving human health: A comprehensive review. Front Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1277074"},{"key":"ref_331","first-page":"1785","article-title":"Garlic: Empiricism or science?","volume":"4","author":"Aviello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2500\/jfa.2023.5.230012","article-title":"Garlic: A potential food allergen?","volume":"5","author":"Hellu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Allergy"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700072","article-title":"Garlic (Allium sativum L.): Adverse effects and drug interactions in humans","volume":"51","author":"Borrelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_334","first-page":"85","article-title":"An evaluation of the side effects of garlic as an antihypertensive agent","volume":"37","author":"Ruffin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cytobios"},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(01)00018-7","article-title":"Garlic-induced alteration in rat liver and kidney morphology and associated changes in endogenous antioxidant status","volume":"39","author":"Banerjee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(96)03658-2","article-title":"Histopathological effects of garlic on liver and lung of rats","volume":"85","author":"Alnaqeeb","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_337","first-page":"363","article-title":"Effets toxiques engendr\u00e9s par une administration r\u00e9it\u00e9r\u00e9e d\u2019Allium sativum L [Toxic effects induced by the repeat administration of Allium sativum L]","volume":"46","author":"Fehri","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Belg."},{"key":"ref_338","first-page":"977","article-title":"Toxic effects of garlic extract and garlic oil in rats","volume":"27","author":"Joseph","year":"1989","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2023.2282518","article-title":"Heavy consumption of garlic (Allium sativum) exert nephro- and pulmonary toxicity at maternal and embryonic level in the Albino rats","volume":"51","author":"Kamal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.10.005","article-title":"Effect of diallyl trisulfide-rich garlic oil on blood coagulation and plasma activity of anticoagulation factors in rats","volume":"45","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3797\/scipharm.1002-11","article-title":"Effects of garlic on cytochromes P450 2C9- and 3A4-mediated drug metabolism in human hepatocytes","volume":"78","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_342","first-page":"103","article-title":"Health effects of garlic","volume":"72","author":"Tattelman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-803-4_9","article-title":"Antithrombotic effects of naturally derived products on coagulation and platelet function","volume":"663","author":"Mousa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sleiman, C., Daou, R.M., Al Hazzouri, A., Hamdan, Z., Ghadieh, H.E., Harbieh, B., and Romani, M. (2024). Garlic and hypertension: Efficacy, mechanism of action, and clinical implications. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172895"},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s43450-021-00193-y","article-title":"Antidiabetic effect of garlic","volume":"32","author":"Saikat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_346","first-page":"419","article-title":"Vitamin C\u2013 structure, properties, occurrence and functions","volume":"61","author":"Janda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pomeranian J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dosed\u011bl, M., Jirkovsk\u00fd, E., Mac\u00e1kov\u00e1, K., Kr\u010dmov\u00e1, L.K., Javorsk\u00e1, L., Pourov\u00e1, J., Mercolini, L., Remi\u00e3o, F., Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1, L., and Mlad\u011bnka, P. (2021). Vitamin C\u2014Sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, use, toxicity, and determination. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020615"},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podmore, I.D., Griffiths, H.R., Herbert, K.E., Mistry, N., Mistry, P., and Lunec, J. (1998). Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant properties. Nature, 392.","DOI":"10.1038\/33308"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruchinin, A.A., Kamzeeva, P.N., Zharkov, D.O., Aralov, A.V., and Makarov, A.V. (2024). 8-Oxoadenine: A new player of the oxidative stress in mammals?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021342"},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timoshnikov, V.A., Kobzeva, T.V., Polyakov, N.E., and Kontoghiorghes, G.J. (2020). Redox interactions of vitamin C and iron: Inhibition of the pro-oxidant activity by deferiprone. Int. J. Moll. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113967"},{"key":"ref_351","first-page":"726","article-title":"Prooxidant activities of antioxidants and their impact on health","volume":"58","author":"Sotler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat."},{"key":"ref_352","unstructured":"Assimos, D.G. (2004). Vitamin C supplementation and urinary oxalate excretion. Rev. Urol., 6."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.15.1415","article-title":"Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake","volume":"281","author":"Levine","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_354","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.74.6.403","article-title":"Enhancers of iron absorption: Ascorbic acid and other organic acids","volume":"74","author":"Teucher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.70","article-title":"Influence of some dietary constituents on aluminum absorption and retention in rats","volume":"39","author":"Domingo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tousoulis, D., Antoniades, C., and Stefanadis, C. (2006). Statins and antioxidant vitamins: Should co-administration be avoided?. JACC, 47.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.12.033"},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12188","article-title":"Vitamin C suppresses cell death in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells induced by tamoxifen","volume":"18","author":"Subramani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv133","article-title":"High-dose vitamin C injection to cancer patients may promote thrombosis through procoagulant activation of erythrocytes","volume":"147","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-6-199909210-00021","article-title":"Hemochromatosis and vitamin C","volume":"131","author":"Herbert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.18295\/2075-0528.1566","article-title":"The role of vitamin e in human health and some diseases","volume":"14","author":"Rizvi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang, F. (2009). Vitamin E excess. Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-29676-8"},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6029","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00067a019","article-title":"Tocopherol-mediated peroxidation. The prooxidant effect of vitamin E on the radical-initiated oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein","volume":"115","author":"Bowry","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-200620050-00002","article-title":"The pro-oxidant activity of high-dose vitamin E supplements in vivo","volume":"20","author":"Pearson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biodrugs"},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110","article-title":"Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality","volume":"142","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.374S","article-title":"Vitamin E inhibition of platelet aggregation is independent of antioxidant activity","volume":"131","author":"Freedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastori, D., Carnevale, R., Cangemi, R., Saliola, M., Nocella, C., Bartimoccia, S., Vicario, T., Farcomeni, A., Violi, F., and Pignatelli, P. (2013). Vitamin E serum levels and bleeding risk in patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy: A retrospective cohort study. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000364"},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422414000146","article-title":"Vitamin E-drug interactions: Molecular basis and clinical relevance","volume":"27","author":"Podszun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talib, W.H., Ahmed Jum\u2019AH, D.A., Attallah, Z.S., Jallad, M.S., Al Kury, L.T., Hadi, R.W., and Mahmod, A.I. (2024). Role of vitamins A, C, D, E in cancer prevention and therapy: Therapeutic potentials and mechanisms of action. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1281879"},{"key":"ref_370","unstructured":"Owen, K.N., and Dewald, O. (2026, April 09). Vitamin E Toxicity, [Updated13 February 2023], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK564373\/."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J.Y., Tso, R., Teo, H.S., and Haldar, S. (2023). The utility of algae as sources of high value nutritional ingredients, particularly for alternative\/complementary proteins to improve human health. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1277343"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8953","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07654-2","article-title":"Therapeutic role of garlic and vitamins C and E against toxicity induced by lead on various organs","volume":"27","author":"Mumtaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_373","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effect of vitamin C and E on antioxidative enzyme, NOS activity and NO contents in hippocampus of rats with lead poisoning","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban."},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waidande, S.S., Kshirsagar, M., Thorat, V.M., and Tiwari, D.D. (2025). Role of antioxidant supplementation in enhancing chelation therapy for lead-induced oxidative stress in rats. Cureus, 17.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.79699"},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00332491","article-title":"Influence of thiamine and ascorbic acid supplementation on the antidotal efficacy of thiol chelators in experimental lead intoxication","volume":"62","author":"Dhawan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000521619","article-title":"L-ascorbic acid and curcumin prevents brain damage induced via lead acetate in rats: Possible mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Alhusaini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-020-00072-8","article-title":"Role of some natural anti-oxidants in the down regulation of Kim, VCAM1, cystatin C protein expression in lead acetate-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"72","author":"Alhusaini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/4881\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:10:41Z","timestamp":1780636241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/4881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":377,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27114881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27114881","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]}}}