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However, its function in the blotched snakehead (Channa maculata), an economically important fish in China, remains unexplored. In this study, we cloned and characterized the Amhr2 ortholog from C. maculata, designated CmAmhr2. The gene encodes a 443-amino acid protein containing a conserved STYKc kinase domain. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that CmAmhr2 is homologous to autosomal Amhr2 in other teleosts. Spatiotemporal expression analyses showed that CmAmhr2 was predominantly expressed in testes, particularly during critical windows of gonadal differentiation. In situ hybridization localized CmAmhr2 transcripts mainly in spermatogonia, with weaker signals in primary spermatocytes, Sertoli cells, and early-stage oocytes (oogonia and primary oocytes). Dietary administration of 30 mg\/kg 17\u03b2-estradiol (E2) from 15 to 45 days post-fertilization (dpf) for 30 days induced male-to-female sex reversal, producing neofemales (XY-F) and intersex individuals (XY-I). CmAmhr2 expression levels progressively declined with the degree of gonadal feminization: highest in normal XY male (XY-M) testes, intermediate in XY-I ovotestes, and lowest in fully feminized XY-F and normal XX female (XX-F) ovaries. Furthermore, CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of CmAmhr2 generated frameshift mutations predicted to disrupt the kinase domain. These findings suggest that CmAmhr2 is involved in male sex differentiation and testis development in C. maculata, providing novel molecular insights and a foundation for future sex-control research in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:45:08Z","timestamp":1780404308000},"page":"4884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Amhr2 in Sex Differentiation and Gonadal Development of Blotched Snakehead (Channa maculata)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Junqi","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Exploitation and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture of Guangxi, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9518-6219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"},{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1574-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8301-4595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzhan","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xincheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuandong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3537-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"},{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021122-113935","article-title":"Diversity and Convergence of Sex-Determination Mechanisms in Teleost Fish","volume":"12","author":"Kitano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. 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