{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:16:17Z","timestamp":1790082977022,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-74-10054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-74-10054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["24-74-10054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-74-10054"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impairment of axonal transport may contribute to the degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), a key event in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Due to the lack of early diagnosis, changes in axonal transport at the preclinical stage can only be studied in PD models. We assessed gene expression (RT-PCR after cell sorting) and protein levels (semiquantitative immunohistochemistry) of axonal transport-related proteins in SN DAergic neurons from mice in subchronic MPTP models of PD (preclinical and clinical stages) and controls. The proteins studied included \u03b1-tubulin (Tuba1a), \u03b2-tubulin (Tubb3), kinesin (Kif5b, Klc1), dynein (Dynll1, Dync1i1), dynactin (Dctn1), microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 1 (Mark1), and tau (Mapt). In the preclinical stage, Kif5b expression and Kif5B level were increased, possibly to compensatorily preserve anterograde transport. Dynll1 and Tuba1a were upregulated, whereas Dync1i1 and Mapt were downregulated, with no change in tubulin or tau protein levels. In the clinical stage, Klc1, Dync1i1, Dctn1, Mark1, and Mapt expression and Kif5B protein levels decreased. These data indicate that transcriptional alterations in axonal transport proteins precede protein-level changes in DAergic neurons. The upregulation of Kif5B in the preclinical stage suggests that axonal transport proteins may serve as potential early therapeutic targets in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:45:08Z","timestamp":1780404308000},"page":"4895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Expression of Axonal Transport Proteins in Dopaminergic Neurons of the Substantia Nigra in Mouse Models of Preclinical and Clinical Stages of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Kolacheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5948-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Troshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyona","family":"Antonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5662-3715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8676-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vsevolod","family":"Bogdanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varvara","family":"Kalashnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Popova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Digital Biodesign and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4725-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Shchepina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ugrumov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-5004-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"255","author":"Alves","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2015.09.012","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"172","author":"Elbaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27670","article-title":"Prodromal Parkinson\u2019s Disease: The Decade Past, the Decade to Come","volume":"34","author":"Postuma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92989-F","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathophysiology","volume":"337","author":"Agid","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011","article-title":"Axon Degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"246","author":"Burke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt192","article-title":"Disease Duration and the Integrity of the Nigrostriatal System in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"136","author":"Kordower","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-04-01333.2000","article-title":"Evidence That Wallerian Degeneration and Localized Axon Degeneration Induced by Local Neurotrophin Deprivation Do Not Involve Caspases","volume":"20","author":"Finn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068613","article-title":"Neuroscience\u2014Axonal Self-Destruction and Neurodegeneration","volume":"296","author":"Raff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3380","article-title":"Axonal Transport Deficits and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Millecamps","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00171.x","article-title":"Analysis of Gene Expression in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Possible Involvement of Neurotrophic Support and Axon Guidance in Dopaminergic Cell Death","volume":"19","author":"Bossers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Pathol. Zur. Switz."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws133","article-title":"Alterations in Axonal Transport Motor Proteins in Sporadic and Experimental Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"135","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70174-z","article-title":"Differential Protein Expression in Diverse Brain Areas of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"10","author":"Esteves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.11.002","article-title":"Comparative Pathway and Network Analysis of Brain Transcriptome Changes during Adult Aging and in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"74","author":"Glaab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201300342","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of Human Substantia Nigra Identifies Novel Candidates Involved in P Arkinson\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Licker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.07.010","article-title":"Robust Dysregulation of Gene Expression in Substantia Nigra and Striatum in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10048-005-0020-2","article-title":"Whole Genome Expression Profiling of the Medial and Lateral Substantia Nigra in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Moran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurogenetics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn323","article-title":"Gene Expression Profiling of Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons: Further Insights into Parkinson\u2019s Disease Pathology","volume":"132","author":"Simunovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simunovic, F., Yi, M., Wang, Y., Stephens, R., and Sonntag, K.C. (2010). Evidence for Gender-Specific Transcriptional Profiles of Nigral Dopamine Neurons in Parkinson Disease. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008856"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiklov\u00e1, K., Gillberg, L., Volakakis, N., Lund\u00e9n-Miguel, H., Dahl, L., Serrano, G.E., Adler, C.H., Beach, T.G., and Perlmann, T. (2021). Disease Duration Influences Gene Expression in Neuromelanin-Positive Cells From Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.763777"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01146-8","article-title":"Multiomic Analyses of Dopaminergic Neurons Isolated from Human Substantia Nigra in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Descriptive and Exploratory Study","volume":"42","author":"Zaccaria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolacheva, A., Bannikova, A., Pavlova, E., Bogdanov, V., and Ugrumov, M. (2022). Modeling of the Progressive Degradation of the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System in Mice to Study the Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration and Neuroplasticity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010683"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-024-00325-4","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease (Guideline of the German Society for Neurology)","volume":"6","author":"Trenkwalder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5074-06.2007","article-title":"Regulation of Akt Signaling by D2 and D3 Dopamine Receptors In Vivo","volume":"27","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaulieu, J.-M., Del\u2019 Guidice, T., Sotnikova, T., Lemasson, M., and Gainetdinov, R. (2011). Beyond cAMP: The Regulation of Akt and GSK3 by Dopamine Receptors. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2011.00038"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.06.017","article-title":"Elevated Tauopathy and Alpha-Synuclein Pathology in Postmortem Parkinson\u2019s Disease Brains with and without Dementia","volume":"225","author":"Wills","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3186","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Tau Regulates Its Axonal Transport by Controlling Its Binding to Kinesin","volume":"22","author":"Seereeram","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001483","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2 Inhibition Reverses Axonal Transport Defects and Behavioural Phenotypes in Drosophila","volume":"9","author":"Mudher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.015","article-title":"Tau Phosphorylation Affects Its Axonal Transport and Degradation","volume":"34","author":"Noble","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.6.917","article-title":"Expression Profiling of Substantia Nigra in Parkinson Disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and Frontotemporal Dementia with Parkinsonism","volume":"62","author":"Hauser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02250926","article-title":"Quantification of mRNA of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase in the Substantia Nigra in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Schizophrenia","volume":"8","author":"Ichinose","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.11.030","article-title":"New Transgenic Mouse Lines for Selectively Targeting Astrocytes and Studying Calcium Signals in Astrocyte Processes In Situ and In Vivo","volume":"92","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troshev, D., Blokhin, V., Ukrainskaya, V., Kolacheva, A., and Ugrumov, M. (2022). Isolation of Living Dopaminergic Neurons Labeled with a Fluorescent Ligand of the Dopamine Transporter from Mouse Substantia Nigra as a New Tool for Basic and Applied Research. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1020070"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.6.12.1619","article-title":"Force Generation by Microtubule Assembly\/Disassembly in Mitosis and Related Movements","volume":"6","author":"Salmon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.09.014","article-title":"Microtubule Acetylation Promotes Kinesin-1 Binding and Transport","volume":"16","author":"Reed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00607-9","article-title":"Linking Acetylated \u03b1-Tubulin Redistribution to \u03b1-Synuclein Pathology in Brain of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"10","author":"Mazzetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90057-X","article-title":"Abnormal Tau Phosphorylation at Ser396 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Recapitulates Development and Contributes to Reduced Microtubule Binding","volume":"10","author":"Bramblett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90232-5","article-title":"Beta-Amyloid Fibrils Induce Tau Phosphorylation and Loss of Microtubule Binding","volume":"14","author":"Busciglio","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01837","article-title":"Microtubule Alterations Occur Early in Experimental Parkinsonism and The Microtubule Stabilizer Epothilone D Is Neuroprotective","volume":"3","author":"Cartelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17876-0","article-title":"A Single-Cell Atlas of the Human Substantia Nigra Reveals Cell-Specific Pathways Associated with Neurological Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of Brain Pathology Related to Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.08.030","article-title":"Role of the Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2\/CRMP-2 Pathway in Axon Degeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons Resulting from MPP+ Toxicity","volume":"1602","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7212","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0711-11.2011","article-title":"The Parkinsonian Mimetic, MPP+, Specifically Impairs Mitochondrial Transport in Dopamine Axons","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-17","article-title":"The Parkinsonian Mimetic, 6-OHDA, Impairs Axonal Transport in Dopaminergic Axons","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198804073181402","article-title":"Uneven Pattern of Dopamine Loss in the Striatum of Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Pathophysiologic and Clinical Implications","volume":"318","author":"Kish","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03281-3","article-title":"Phosphomimetics at Ser199\/Ser202\/Thr205 in Tau Impairs Axonal Transport in Rat Hippocampal Neurons","volume":"60","author":"Christensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01848-X","article-title":"Cellular Co-Localization of Phosphorylated Tau- and NACP\/\u03b1-Synuclein-Epitopes in Lewy Bodies in Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease and in Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"843","author":"Arima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6923","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121119298","article-title":"Hyperphosphorylation Induces Self-Assembly of \u03c4 into Tangles of Paired Helical Filaments\/Straight Filaments","volume":"98","author":"Alonso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6092com","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein Induces Hyperphosphorylation of Tau in the MPTP Model of Parkinsonism","volume":"20","author":"Duka","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S235562","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Tau and \u03b1-Synuclein Induced Neurodegeneration in MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2858","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.250","article-title":"P7C3 Inhibits GSK3\u03b2 Activation to Protect Dopaminergic Neurons against Neurotoxin-Induced Cell Death in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"173S","article-title":"Pathway of the Microtubule-Kinesin ATPase","volume":"68","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.143.4.1053","article-title":"Light Chain-Dependent Regulation of Kinesin\u2019s Interaction with Microtubules","volume":"143","author":"Verhey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.07.020","article-title":"Live Imaging of Mitochondrial Dynamics in CNS Dopaminergic Neurons in Vivo Demonstrates Early Reversal of Mitochondrial Transport Following MPP+ Exposure","volume":"95","author":"Dukes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611231104","article-title":"1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium Affects Fast Axonal Transport by Activation of Caspase and Protein Kinase C","volume":"104","author":"Morfini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2007","article-title":"Intracellular Transport and Kinesin Superfamily Proteins, KIFs: Structure, Function, and Dynamics","volume":"88","author":"Hirokawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5457","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601427","article-title":"Cargo Selection by Specific Kinesin Light Chain 1 Isoforms","volume":"25","author":"Allan","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70921","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70921","article-title":"Subcellular Proteomics of Dopamine Neurons in the Mouse Brain","volume":"11","author":"Hobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12475","article-title":"Regulation of Dynein-dynactin-driven Vesicular Transport","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.5.1548","article-title":"Dynein Is the Motor for Retrograde Axonal Transport of Organelles","volume":"86","author":"Schnapp","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0004-3","article-title":"The Cytoplasmic Dynein Transport Machinery and Its Many Cargoes","volume":"19","author":"Redwine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troshev, D., Kolacheva, A., Pavlova, E., Blokhin, V., and Ugrumov, M. (2023). Application of OpenArray Technology to Assess Changes in the Expression of Functionally Significant Genes in the Substantia Nigra of Mice in a Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14122202"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37116","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37116","article-title":"Assessment of Brain Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Studies in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Rydbirk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3820805","article-title":"Gene Expression Profiling in Single Cells from the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Reveals Lognormal Distribution of mRNA Levels","volume":"15","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genome Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/4895\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:49:18Z","timestamp":1780404558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/4895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27114895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27114895","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]}}}