{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T19:05:08Z","timestamp":1793300708617,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) is a critical regulator of inflammation and stress response signaling in acute kidney injury (AKI). Increasing evidence demonstrates that NF-\u03baB signaling is directly related to oxidative stress, autophagy, mitochondrial malfunction, and apoptosis in the process of AKI. Injury-related stimuli, including ischemia\u2013reperfusion, sepsis, nephrotoxins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), activate canonical and non-canonical NF-\u03baB pathways, resulting in renal inflammation and tubular injury. Recent investigations have shown that TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, defective autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction mediate inflammatory and pro-apoptotic responses in AKI. On the other hand, autophagy-associated proteins such as microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) and Beclin-1 may play renoprotective roles through the regulation of NF-\u03baB signaling. This review tries to cover the knowledge regarding NF-\u03baB signaling in AKI and to emphasize the possible function of NF-\u03baB signaling in the control of inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis. It also seeks to provide some insight into future research directions that may guide the development of more effective therapies for AKI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:45:08Z","timestamp":1780404308000},"page":"4960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stress-Dependent NF-\u03baB Signaling in Acute Kidney Injury: Linking Inflammation, Autophagy, and Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3310-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dev","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00284-z","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"7","author":"Kellum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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